Update change_scala_version.py to also change scala.version property (#9897)

* [jvm-packages] Fix POM for xgboost-jvm metapackage

* Add script for updating the Scala version

.github/workflows/jvm_tests.yml

@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ jobs:
       id: extract_branch
       if: |
         (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.ref, 'refs/heads/release_')) &&
-        matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+        (matrix.os == 'windows-latest' || matrix.os == 'macos-11')
 
     - name: Publish artifact xgboost4j.dll to S3
       run: |
         cd lib/
         Rename-Item -Path xgboost4j.dll -NewName xgboost4j_${{ github.sha }}.dll
         dir
-        python -m awscli s3 cp xgboost4j_${{ github.sha }}.dll s3://xgboost-nightly-builds/${{ steps.extract_branch.outputs.branch }}/ --acl public-read
+        python -m awscli s3 cp xgboost4j_${{ github.sha }}.dll s3://xgboost-nightly-builds/${{ steps.extract_branch.outputs.branch }}/libxgboost4j/ --acl public-read
       if: |
         (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.ref, 'refs/heads/release_')) &&
         matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
@@ -66,6 +66,19 @@ jobs:
         AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID_IAM_S3_UPLOADER }}
         AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY_IAM_S3_UPLOADER }}
 
+    - name: Publish artifact libxgboost4j.dylib to S3
+      run: |
+        cd lib/
+        mv -v libxgboost4j.dylib libxgboost4j_${{ github.sha }}.dylib
+        ls
+        python -m awscli s3 cp libxgboost4j_${{ github.sha }}.dylib s3://xgboost-nightly-builds/${{ steps.extract_branch.outputs.branch }}/libxgboost4j/ --acl public-read
+      if: |
+        (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.ref, 'refs/heads/release_')) &&
+        matrix.os == 'macos-11'
+      env:
+        AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID_IAM_S3_UPLOADER }}
+        AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY_IAM_S3_UPLOADER }}
+
 
     - name: Test XGBoost4J (Core, Spark, Examples)
       run: |

.github/workflows/r_tests.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         submodules: 'true'
 
-    - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@50d1eae9b8da0bb3f8582c59a5b82225fa2fe7f2 # v2.3.1
+    - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@11a22a908006c25fe054c4ef0ac0436b1de3edbe # v2.6.4
       with:
         r-version: ${{ matrix.config.r }}
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         submodules: 'true'
 
-    - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@50d1eae9b8da0bb3f8582c59a5b82225fa2fe7f2 # v2.3.1
+    - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@11a22a908006c25fe054c4ef0ac0436b1de3edbe # v2.6.4
       with:
         r-version: ${{ matrix.config.r }}
 

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -32,4 +32,3 @@ formats:
 python:
   install:
    - requirements: doc/requirements.txt
-  system_packages: true

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18 FATAL_ERROR)
-project(xgboost LANGUAGES CXX C VERSION 2.0.0)
+project(xgboost LANGUAGES CXX C VERSION 2.0.3)
 include(cmake/Utils.cmake)
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${xgboost_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/modules")
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0022 NEW)
@@ -233,6 +233,11 @@ endif (RABIT_BUILD_MPI)
 add_subdirectory(${xgboost_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 target_link_libraries(objxgboost PUBLIC dmlc)
 
+# Link -lstdc++fs for GCC 8.x
+if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS "9.0")
+  target_link_libraries(objxgboost PUBLIC stdc++fs)
+endif()
+
 # Exports some R specific definitions and objects
 if (R_LIB)
   add_subdirectory(${xgboost_SOURCE_DIR}/R-package)

R-package/DESCRIPTION

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 Package: xgboost
 Type: Package
 Title: Extreme Gradient Boosting
-Version: 2.0.0.1
+Version: 2.0.3.1
-Date: 2022-10-18
+Date: 2023-12-14
 Authors@R: c(
   person("Tianqi", "Chen", role = c("aut"),
          email = "tianqi.tchen@gmail.com"),

R-package/R/callbacks.R

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ cb.print.evaluation <- function(period = 1, showsd = TRUE) {
         i == env$begin_iteration ||
         i == env$end_iteration) {
       stdev <- if (showsd) env$bst_evaluation_err else NULL
-      msg <- format.eval.string(i, env$bst_evaluation, stdev)
+      msg <- .format_eval_string(i, env$bst_evaluation, stdev)
       cat(msg, '\n')
     }
   }
@@ -380,7 +380,9 @@ cb.early.stop <- function(stopping_rounds, maximize = FALSE,
     if ((maximize && score > best_score) ||
         (!maximize && score < best_score)) {
 
-      best_msg <<- format.eval.string(i, env$bst_evaluation, env$bst_evaluation_err)
+      best_msg <<- .format_eval_string(
+        i, env$bst_evaluation, env$bst_evaluation_err
+      )
       best_score <<- score
       best_iteration <<- i
       best_ntreelimit <<- best_iteration * env$num_parallel_tree
@@ -754,7 +756,7 @@ xgb.gblinear.history <- function(model, class_index = NULL) {
 #
 
 # Format the evaluation metric string
-format.eval.string <- function(iter, eval_res, eval_err = NULL) {
+.format_eval_string <- function(iter, eval_res, eval_err = NULL) {
   if (length(eval_res) == 0)
     stop('no evaluation results')
   enames <- names(eval_res)

R-package/configure

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #! /bin/sh
 # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles.
-# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 for xgboost 2.0.0.
+# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 for xgboost 2.0.3.
 #
 #
 # Copyright (C) 1992-1996, 1998-2017, 2020-2021 Free Software Foundation,
@@ -607,8 +607,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS=
 # Identity of this package.
 PACKAGE_NAME='xgboost'
 PACKAGE_TARNAME='xgboost'
-PACKAGE_VERSION='2.0.0'
+PACKAGE_VERSION='2.0.3'
-PACKAGE_STRING='xgboost 2.0.0'
+PACKAGE_STRING='xgboost 2.0.3'
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT=''
 PACKAGE_URL=''
 
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then
   # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing.
   # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh.
   cat <<_ACEOF
-\`configure' configures xgboost 2.0.0 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
+\`configure' configures xgboost 2.0.3 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
 
 Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
 
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ fi
 
 if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then
   case $ac_init_help in
-     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of xgboost 2.0.0:";;
+     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of xgboost 2.0.3:";;
    esac
   cat <<\_ACEOF
 
@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ fi
 test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status
 if $ac_init_version; then
   cat <<\_ACEOF
-xgboost configure 2.0.0
+xgboost configure 2.0.3
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71
 
 Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF
 This file contains any messages produced by compilers while
 running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
 
-It was created by xgboost $as_me 2.0.0, which was
+It was created by xgboost $as_me 2.0.3, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71.  Invocation command line was
 
   $ $0$ac_configure_args_raw
@@ -3412,7 +3412,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their
 # values after options handling.
 ac_log="
-This file was extended by xgboost $as_me 2.0.0, which was
+This file was extended by xgboost $as_me 2.0.3, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71.  Invocation command line was
 
   CONFIG_FILES    = $CONFIG_FILES
@@ -3467,7 +3467,7 @@ ac_cs_config_escaped=`printf "%s\n" "$ac_cs_config" | sed "s/^ //; s/'/'\\\\\\\\
 cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 ac_cs_config='$ac_cs_config_escaped'
 ac_cs_version="\\
-xgboost config.status 2.0.0
+xgboost config.status 2.0.3
 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71,
   with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\"
 

R-package/configure.ac

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 AC_PREREQ(2.69)
 
-AC_INIT([xgboost],[2.0.0],[],[xgboost],[])
+AC_INIT([xgboost],[2.0.3],[],[xgboost],[])
 
 : ${R_HOME=`R RHOME`}
 if test -z "${R_HOME}"; then

R-package/src/xgboost_R.cc

@@ -120,11 +120,25 @@ XGB_DLL SEXP XGDMatrixCreateFromMat_R(SEXP mat, SEXP missing, SEXP n_threads) {
   ctx.nthread = asInteger(n_threads);
   std::int32_t threads = ctx.Threads();
 
+  if (is_int) {
     xgboost::common::ParallelFor(nrow, threads, [&](xgboost::omp_ulong i) {
       for (size_t j = 0; j < ncol; ++j) {
-      data[i * ncol + j] = is_int ? static_cast<float>(iin[i + nrow * j]) : din[i + nrow * j];
+        auto v = iin[i + nrow * j];
+        if (v == NA_INTEGER) {
+          data[i * ncol + j] = std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN();
+        } else {
+          data[i * ncol + j] = static_cast<float>(v);
+        }
       }
     });
+  } else {
+    xgboost::common::ParallelFor(nrow, threads, [&](xgboost::omp_ulong i) {
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < ncol; ++j) {
+        data[i * ncol + j] = din[i + nrow * j];
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
   DMatrixHandle handle;
   CHECK_CALL(XGDMatrixCreateFromMat_omp(BeginPtr(data), nrow, ncol,
                                         asReal(missing), &handle, threads));

R-package/tests/testthat/test_dmatrix.R

@@ -56,6 +56,42 @@ test_that("xgb.DMatrix: basic construction", {
   expect_equal(raw_fd, raw_dgc)
 })
 
+test_that("xgb.DMatrix: NA", {
+  n_samples <- 3
+  x <- cbind(
+    x1 = sample(x = 4, size = n_samples, replace = TRUE),
+    x2 = sample(x = 4, size = n_samples, replace = TRUE)
+  )
+  x[1, "x1"] <- NA
+
+  m <- xgb.DMatrix(x)
+  xgb.DMatrix.save(m, "int.dmatrix")
+
+  x <- matrix(as.numeric(x), nrow = n_samples, ncol = 2)
+  colnames(x) <- c("x1", "x2")
+  m <- xgb.DMatrix(x)
+
+  xgb.DMatrix.save(m, "float.dmatrix")
+
+  iconn <- file("int.dmatrix", "rb")
+  fconn <- file("float.dmatrix", "rb")
+
+  expect_equal(file.size("int.dmatrix"), file.size("float.dmatrix"))
+
+  bytes <- file.size("int.dmatrix")
+  idmatrix <- readBin(iconn, "raw", n = bytes)
+  fdmatrix <- readBin(fconn, "raw", n = bytes)
+
+  expect_equal(length(idmatrix), length(fdmatrix))
+  expect_equal(idmatrix, fdmatrix)
+
+  close(iconn)
+  close(fconn)
+
+  file.remove("int.dmatrix")
+  file.remove("float.dmatrix")
+})
+
 test_that("xgb.DMatrix: saving, loading", {
   # save to a local file
   dtest1 <- xgb.DMatrix(test_data, label = test_label)

dev/change_scala_version.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import argparse
+import pathlib
+import re
+import shutil
+
+
+def main(args):
+    if args.scala_version == "2.12":
+        scala_ver = "2.12"
+        scala_patchver = "2.12.18"
+    elif args.scala_version == "2.13":
+        scala_ver = "2.13"
+        scala_patchver = "2.13.11"
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported Scala version: {args.scala_version}")
+
+    # Clean artifacts
+    if args.purge_artifacts:
+        for target in pathlib.Path("jvm-packages/").glob("**/target"):
+            if target.is_dir():
+                print(f"Removing {target}...")
+                shutil.rmtree(target)
+
+    # Update pom.xml
+    for pom in pathlib.Path("jvm-packages/").glob("**/pom.xml"):
+        print(f"Updating {pom}...")
+        with open(pom, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        with open(pom, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            replaced_scalaver = False
+            replaced_scala_binver = False
+            for line in lines:
+                for artifact in [
+                    "xgboost-jvm",
+                    "xgboost4j",
+                    "xgboost4j-gpu",
+                    "xgboost4j-spark",
+                    "xgboost4j-spark-gpu",
+                    "xgboost4j-flink",
+                    "xgboost4j-example",
+                ]:
+                    line = re.sub(
+                        f"<artifactId>{artifact}_[0-9\\.]*",
+                        f"<artifactId>{artifact}_{scala_ver}",
+                        line,
+                    )
+                # Only replace the first occurrence of scala.version
+                if not replaced_scalaver:
+                    line, nsubs = re.subn(
+                        r"<scala.version>[0-9\.]*",
+                        f"<scala.version>{scala_patchver}",
+                        line,
+                    )
+                    if nsubs > 0:
+                        replaced_scalaver = True
+                # Only replace the first occurrence of scala.binary.version
+                if not replaced_scala_binver:
+                    line, nsubs = re.subn(
+                        r"<scala.binary.version>[0-9\.]*",
+                        f"<scala.binary.version>{scala_ver}",
+                        line,
+                    )
+                    if nsubs > 0:
+                        replaced_scala_binver = True
+                f.write(line)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--purge-artifacts", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--scala-version",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Version of Scala to use in the JVM packages",
+        choices=["2.12", "2.13"],
+    )
+    parsed_args = parser.parse_args()
+    main(parsed_args)

dev/prepare_jvm_release.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import argparse
 import errno
 import glob
 import os
-import platform
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -21,12 +20,14 @@ def normpath(path):
     else:
         return normalized
 
+
 def cp(source, target):
     source = normpath(source)
     target = normpath(target)
     print("cp {0} {1}".format(source, target))
     shutil.copy(source, target)
 
+
 def maybe_makedirs(path):
     path = normpath(path)
     print("mkdir -p " + path)
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ def maybe_makedirs(path):
         if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
             raise
 
+
 @contextmanager
 def cd(path):
     path = normpath(path)
@@ -47,18 +49,22 @@ def cd(path):
     finally:
         os.chdir(cwd)
 
+
 def run(command, **kwargs):
     print(command)
     subprocess.check_call(command, shell=True, **kwargs)
 
+
 def get_current_git_tag():
     out = subprocess.check_output(["git", "tag", "--points-at", "HEAD"])
     return out.decode().split("\n")[0]
 
+
 def get_current_commit_hash():
     out = subprocess.check_output(["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"])
     return out.decode().split("\n")[0]
 
+
 def get_current_git_branch():
     out = subprocess.check_output(["git", "log", "-n", "1", "--pretty=%d", "HEAD"])
     m = re.search(r"release_[0-9\.]+", out.decode())
@@ -66,38 +72,49 @@ def get_current_git_branch():
         raise ValueError("Expected branch name of form release_xxx")
     return m.group(0)
 
+
 def retrieve(url, filename=None):
     print(f"{url} -> {filename}")
     return urlretrieve(url, filename)
 
+
 def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("--release-version", type=str, required=True,
+    parser.add_argument(
-                        help="Version of the release being prepared")
+        "--release-version",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Version of the release being prepared",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if sys.platform != "darwin" or platform.machine() != "x86_64":
-        raise NotImplementedError("Please run this script using an Intel Mac")
-
     version = args.release_version
     expected_git_tag = "v" + version
     current_git_tag = get_current_git_tag()
     if current_git_tag != expected_git_tag:
         if not current_git_tag:
-            raise ValueError(f"Expected git tag {expected_git_tag} but current HEAD has no tag. "
+            raise ValueError(
-                             f"Run: git checkout {expected_git_tag}")
+                f"Expected git tag {expected_git_tag} but current HEAD has no tag. "
-        raise ValueError(f"Expected git tag {expected_git_tag} but current HEAD is at tag "
+                f"Run: git checkout {expected_git_tag}"
-                         f"{current_git_tag}. Run: git checkout {expected_git_tag}")
+            )
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected git tag {expected_git_tag} but current HEAD is at tag "
+            f"{current_git_tag}. Run: git checkout {expected_git_tag}"
+        )
 
     commit_hash = get_current_commit_hash()
     git_branch = get_current_git_branch()
-    print(f"Using commit {commit_hash} of branch {git_branch}, git tag {current_git_tag}")
+    print(
+        f"Using commit {commit_hash} of branch {git_branch}, git tag {current_git_tag}"
+    )
 
     with cd("jvm-packages/"):
         print("====copying pure-Python tracker====")
         for use_cuda in [True, False]:
             xgboost4j = "xgboost4j-gpu" if use_cuda else "xgboost4j"
-            cp("../python-package/xgboost/tracker.py", f"{xgboost4j}/src/main/resources")
+            cp(
+                "../python-package/xgboost/tracker.py",
+                f"{xgboost4j}/src/main/resources",
+            )
 
         print("====copying resources for testing====")
         with cd("../demo/CLI/regression"):
@@ -115,7 +132,12 @@ def main():
                 cp(file, f"{xgboost4j_spark}/src/test/resources")
 
         print("====Creating directories to hold native binaries====")
-        for os_ident, arch in [("linux", "x86_64"), ("windows", "x86_64"), ("macos", "x86_64")]:
+        for os_ident, arch in [
+            ("linux", "x86_64"),
+            ("windows", "x86_64"),
+            ("macos", "x86_64"),
+            ("macos", "aarch64"),
+        ]:
             output_dir = f"xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/{os_ident}/{arch}"
             maybe_makedirs(output_dir)
         for os_ident, arch in [("linux", "x86_64")]:
@@ -123,52 +145,98 @@ def main():
             maybe_makedirs(output_dir)
 
         print("====Downloading native binaries from CI====")
-        nightly_bucket_prefix = "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/xgboost-nightly-builds"
+        nightly_bucket_prefix = (
-        maven_repo_prefix = "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/xgboost-maven-repo/release/ml/dmlc"
+            "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/xgboost-nightly-builds"
+        )
+        maven_repo_prefix = (
+            "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/xgboost-maven-repo/release/ml/dmlc"
+        )
 
-        retrieve(url=f"{nightly_bucket_prefix}/{git_branch}/xgboost4j_{commit_hash}.dll",
+        retrieve(
-                 filename="xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/windows/x86_64/xgboost4j.dll")
+            url=f"{nightly_bucket_prefix}/{git_branch}/libxgboost4j/xgboost4j_{commit_hash}.dll",
+            filename="xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/windows/x86_64/xgboost4j.dll",
+        )
+        retrieve(
+            url=f"{nightly_bucket_prefix}/{git_branch}/libxgboost4j/libxgboost4j_{commit_hash}.dylib",
+            filename="xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/macos/x86_64/libxgboost4j.dylib",
+        )
+        retrieve(
+            url=f"{nightly_bucket_prefix}/{git_branch}/libxgboost4j/libxgboost4j_m1_{commit_hash}.dylib",
+            filename="xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/macos/aarch64/libxgboost4j.dylib",
+        )
 
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
             # libxgboost4j.so for Linux x86_64, CPU only
             zip_path = os.path.join(tempdir, "xgboost4j_2.12.jar")
             extract_dir = os.path.join(tempdir, "xgboost4j")
-            retrieve(url=f"{maven_repo_prefix}/xgboost4j_2.12/{version}/"
+            retrieve(
+                url=f"{maven_repo_prefix}/xgboost4j_2.12/{version}/"
                 f"xgboost4j_2.12-{version}.jar",
-                     filename=zip_path)
+                filename=zip_path,
+            )
             os.mkdir(extract_dir)
             with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as t:
                 t.extractall(extract_dir)
-            cp(os.path.join(extract_dir, "lib", "linux", "x86_64", "libxgboost4j.so"),
+            cp(
-               "xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/linux/x86_64/libxgboost4j.so")
+                os.path.join(extract_dir, "lib", "linux", "x86_64", "libxgboost4j.so"),
+                "xgboost4j/src/main/resources/lib/linux/x86_64/libxgboost4j.so",
+            )
 
             # libxgboost4j.so for Linux x86_64, GPU support
             zip_path = os.path.join(tempdir, "xgboost4j-gpu_2.12.jar")
             extract_dir = os.path.join(tempdir, "xgboost4j-gpu")
-            retrieve(url=f"{maven_repo_prefix}/xgboost4j-gpu_2.12/{version}/"
+            retrieve(
+                url=f"{maven_repo_prefix}/xgboost4j-gpu_2.12/{version}/"
                 f"xgboost4j-gpu_2.12-{version}.jar",
-                     filename=zip_path)
+                filename=zip_path,
+            )
             os.mkdir(extract_dir)
             with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as t:
                 t.extractall(extract_dir)
-            cp(os.path.join(extract_dir, "lib", "linux", "x86_64", "libxgboost4j.so"),
+            cp(
-               "xgboost4j-gpu/src/main/resources/lib/linux/x86_64/libxgboost4j.so")
+                os.path.join(extract_dir, "lib", "linux", "x86_64", "libxgboost4j.so"),
-
+                "xgboost4j-gpu/src/main/resources/lib/linux/x86_64/libxgboost4j.so",
+            )
 
     print("====Next Steps====")
     print("1. Gain upload right to Maven Central repo.")
     print("1-1. Sign up for a JIRA account at Sonatype: ")
-    print("1-2. File a JIRA ticket: "
+    print(
+        "1-2. File a JIRA ticket: "
         "https://issues.sonatype.org/secure/CreateIssue.jspa?issuetype=21&pid=10134. Example: "
-          "https://issues.sonatype.org/browse/OSSRH-67724")
+        "https://issues.sonatype.org/browse/OSSRH-67724"
-    print("2. Store the Sonatype credentials in .m2/settings.xml. See insturctions in "
+    )
-          "https://central.sonatype.org/publish/publish-maven/")
+    print(
-    print("3. Now on a Mac machine, run:")
+        "2. Store the Sonatype credentials in .m2/settings.xml. See insturctions in "
-    print("   GPG_TTY=$(tty) mvn deploy -Prelease -DskipTests")
+        "https://central.sonatype.org/publish/publish-maven/"
-    print("4. Log into https://oss.sonatype.org/. On the left menu panel, click Staging "
+    )
-          "Repositories. Visit the URL https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/mldmlc-1085 "
+    print(
+        "3. Now on a Linux machine, run the following to build Scala 2.12 artifacts. "
+        "Make sure to use an Internet connection with fast upload speed:"
+    )
+    print(
+        "   # Skip native build, since we have all needed native binaries from CI\n"
+        "   export MAVEN_SKIP_NATIVE_BUILD=1\n"
+        "   GPG_TTY=$(tty) mvn deploy -Prelease -DskipTests"
+    )
+    print(
+        "4. Log into https://oss.sonatype.org/. On the left menu panel, click Staging "
+        "Repositories. Visit the URL https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/mldmlc-xxxx "
         "to inspect the staged JAR files. Finally, press Release button to publish the "
-          "artifacts to the Maven Central repository.")
+        "artifacts to the Maven Central repository. The top-level metapackage should be "
+        "named xgboost-jvm_2.12."
+    )
+    print(
+        "5. Remove the Scala 2.12 artifacts and build Scala 2.13 artifacts:\n"
+        "   export MAVEN_SKIP_NATIVE_BUILD=1\n"
+        "   python dev/change_scala_version.py --scala-version 2.13 --purge-artifacts\n"
+        "   GPG_TTY=$(tty) mvn deploy -Prelease-cpu-only,scala-2.13 -DskipTests"
+    )
+    print(
+        "6. Go to https://oss.sonatype.org/ to release the Scala 2.13 artifacts. "
+        "The top-level metapackage should be named xgboost-jvm_2.13."
+    )
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

doc/parameter.rst

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ Parameters for Linear Booster (``booster=gblinear``)
   - Choice of algorithm to fit linear model
 
     - ``shotgun``: Parallel coordinate descent algorithm based on shotgun algorithm. Uses 'hogwild' parallelism and therefore produces a nondeterministic solution on each run.
-    - ``coord_descent``: Ordinary coordinate descent algorithm. Also multithreaded but still produces a deterministic solution.
+    - ``coord_descent``: Ordinary coordinate descent algorithm. Also multithreaded but still produces a deterministic solution. When the ``device`` parameter is set to ``cuda`` or ``gpu``, a GPU variant would be used.
 
 * ``feature_selector`` [default= ``cyclic``]
 

include/xgboost/global_config.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/*!
+/**
- * Copyright 2020 by Contributors
+ * Copyright 2020-2023, XGBoost Contributors
  * \file global_config.h
  * \brief Global configuration for XGBoost
  * \author Hyunsu Cho
@@ -7,24 +7,22 @@
 #ifndef XGBOOST_GLOBAL_CONFIG_H_
 #define XGBOOST_GLOBAL_CONFIG_H_
 
-#include <xgboost/parameter.h>
+#include <dmlc/thread_local.h>  // for ThreadLocalStore
-#include <vector>
+#include <xgboost/parameter.h>  // for XGBoostParameter
-#include <string>
+
+#include <cstdint>  // for int32_t
 
 namespace xgboost {
-class Json;
-
 struct GlobalConfiguration : public XGBoostParameter<GlobalConfiguration> {
-  int verbosity { 1 };
+  std::int32_t verbosity{1};
-  bool use_rmm { false };
+  bool use_rmm{false};
   DMLC_DECLARE_PARAMETER(GlobalConfiguration) {
     DMLC_DECLARE_FIELD(verbosity)
         .set_range(0, 3)
         .set_default(1)  // shows only warning
         .describe("Flag to print out detailed breakdown of runtime.");
-    DMLC_DECLARE_FIELD(use_rmm)
+    DMLC_DECLARE_FIELD(use_rmm).set_default(false).describe(
-        .set_default(false)
+        "Whether to use RAPIDS Memory Manager to allocate GPU memory in XGBoost");
-        .describe("Whether to use RAPIDS Memory Manager to allocate GPU memory in XGBoost");
   }
 };
 

include/xgboost/version_config.h

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@
 
 #define XGBOOST_VER_MAJOR 2  /* NOLINT */
 #define XGBOOST_VER_MINOR 0  /* NOLINT */
-#define XGBOOST_VER_PATCH 0  /* NOLINT */
+#define XGBOOST_VER_PATCH 3  /* NOLINT */
 
 #endif  // XGBOOST_VERSION_CONFIG_H_

jvm-packages/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -25,4 +25,3 @@ target_include_directories(xgboost4j
   ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/rabit/include)
 
 set_output_directory(xgboost4j ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib)
-target_link_libraries(xgboost4j PRIVATE ${JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY})

jvm-packages/create_jni.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-import errno
 import argparse
+import errno
 import glob
 import os
 import platform
@@ -19,11 +19,10 @@ CONFIG = {
     "USE_HDFS": "OFF",
     "USE_AZURE": "OFF",
     "USE_S3": "OFF",
-
     "USE_CUDA": "OFF",
     "USE_NCCL": "OFF",
     "JVM_BINDINGS": "ON",
-    "LOG_CAPI_INVOCATION": "OFF"
+    "LOG_CAPI_INVOCATION": "OFF",
 }
 
 
@@ -70,26 +69,22 @@ def normpath(path):
         return normalized
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
+def native_build(args):
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument('--log-capi-invocation', type=str, choices=['ON', 'OFF'], default='OFF')
-    parser.add_argument('--use-cuda', type=str, choices=['ON', 'OFF'], default='OFF')
-    cli_args = parser.parse_args()
-
     if sys.platform == "darwin":
         # Enable of your compiler supports OpenMP.
         CONFIG["USE_OPENMP"] = "OFF"
-        os.environ["JAVA_HOME"] = subprocess.check_output(
+        os.environ["JAVA_HOME"] = (
-            "/usr/libexec/java_home").strip().decode()
+            subprocess.check_output("/usr/libexec/java_home").strip().decode()
+        )
 
     print("building Java wrapper")
     with cd(".."):
-        build_dir = 'build-gpu' if cli_args.use_cuda == 'ON' else 'build'
+        build_dir = "build-gpu" if cli_args.use_cuda == "ON" else "build"
         maybe_makedirs(build_dir)
         with cd(build_dir):
             if sys.platform == "win32":
                 # Force x64 build on Windows.
-                maybe_generator = ' -A x64'
+                maybe_generator = " -A x64"
             else:
                 maybe_generator = ""
             if sys.platform == "linux":
@@ -97,12 +92,12 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             else:
                 maybe_parallel_build = ""
 
-            if cli_args.log_capi_invocation == 'ON':
+            if cli_args.log_capi_invocation == "ON":
-                CONFIG['LOG_CAPI_INVOCATION'] = 'ON'
+                CONFIG["LOG_CAPI_INVOCATION"] = "ON"
 
-            if cli_args.use_cuda == 'ON':
+            if cli_args.use_cuda == "ON":
-                CONFIG['USE_CUDA'] = 'ON'
+                CONFIG["USE_CUDA"] = "ON"
-                CONFIG['USE_NCCL'] = 'ON'
+                CONFIG["USE_NCCL"] = "ON"
 
             args = ["-D{0}:BOOL={1}".format(k, v) for k, v in CONFIG.items()]
 
@@ -115,7 +110,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             if gpu_arch_flag is not None:
                 args.append("%s" % gpu_arch_flag)
 
-            lib_dir = os.path.join(os.pardir, 'lib')
+            lib_dir = os.path.join(os.pardir, "lib")
             if os.path.exists(lib_dir):
                 shutil.rmtree(lib_dir)
             run("cmake .. " + " ".join(args) + maybe_generator)
@@ -125,8 +120,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             run(f'"{sys.executable}" mapfeat.py')
             run(f'"{sys.executable}" mknfold.py machine.txt 1')
 
-    xgboost4j = 'xgboost4j-gpu' if cli_args.use_cuda == 'ON' else 'xgboost4j'
+    xgboost4j = "xgboost4j-gpu" if cli_args.use_cuda == "ON" else "xgboost4j"
-    xgboost4j_spark = 'xgboost4j-spark-gpu' if cli_args.use_cuda == 'ON' else 'xgboost4j-spark'
+    xgboost4j_spark = (
+        "xgboost4j-spark-gpu" if cli_args.use_cuda == "ON" else "xgboost4j-spark"
+    )
 
     print("copying native library")
     library_name, os_folder = {
@@ -141,14 +138,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "i86pc": "x86_64",  # on Solaris x86_64
         "sun4v": "sparc",  # on Solaris sparc
         "arm64": "aarch64",  # on macOS & Windows ARM 64-bit
-        "aarch64": "aarch64"
+        "aarch64": "aarch64",
     }[platform.machine().lower()]
-    output_folder = "{}/src/main/resources/lib/{}/{}".format(xgboost4j, os_folder, arch_folder)
+    output_folder = "{}/src/main/resources/lib/{}/{}".format(
+        xgboost4j, os_folder, arch_folder
+    )
     maybe_makedirs(output_folder)
     cp("../lib/" + library_name, output_folder)
 
     print("copying pure-Python tracker")
-    cp("../python-package/xgboost/tracker.py", "{}/src/main/resources".format(xgboost4j))
+    cp(
+        "../python-package/xgboost/tracker.py",
+        "{}/src/main/resources".format(xgboost4j),
+    )
 
     print("copying train/test files")
     maybe_makedirs("{}/src/test/resources".format(xgboost4j_spark))
@@ -164,3 +166,18 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     maybe_makedirs("{}/src/test/resources".format(xgboost4j))
     for file in glob.glob("../demo/data/agaricus.*"):
         cp(file, "{}/src/test/resources".format(xgboost4j))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if "MAVEN_SKIP_NATIVE_BUILD" in os.environ:
+        print("MAVEN_SKIP_NATIVE_BUILD is set. Skipping native build...")
+    else:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--log-capi-invocation", type=str, choices=["ON", "OFF"], default="OFF"
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--use-cuda", type=str, choices=["ON", "OFF"], default="OFF"
+        )
+        cli_args = parser.parse_args()
+        native_build(cli_args)

jvm-packages/pom.xml

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
 
     <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-    <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-    <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <version>2.0.3</version>
     <packaging>pom</packaging>
     <name>XGBoost JVM Package</name>
     <description>JVM Package for XGBoost</description>
@@ -189,6 +189,93 @@
                 </plugins>
             </build>
         </profile>
+        <profile>
+            <id>release-cpu-only</id>
+            <modules>
+                <module>xgboost4j</module>
+                <module>xgboost4j-example</module>
+                <module>xgboost4j-spark</module>
+                <module>xgboost4j-flink</module>
+            </modules>
+            <build>
+                <plugins>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <version>3.3.0</version>
+                        <executions>
+                            <execution>
+                                <id>empty-javadoc-jar</id>
+                                <phase>package</phase>
+                                <goals>
+                                    <goal>jar</goal>
+                                </goals>
+                                <configuration>
+                                    <classifier>javadoc</classifier>
+                                    <classesDirectory>${basedir}/javadoc</classesDirectory>
+                                </configuration>
+                            </execution>
+                        </executions>
+                    </plugin>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>maven-release-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <version>3.0.1</version>
+                        <configuration>
+                            <autoVersionSubmodules>true</autoVersionSubmodules>
+                            <useReleaseProfile>false</useReleaseProfile>
+                            <releaseProfiles>release</releaseProfiles>
+                            <goals>deploy</goals>
+                        </configuration>
+                    </plugin>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>maven-gpg-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <version>3.1.0</version>
+                        <executions>
+                            <execution>
+                                <id>sign-artifacts</id>
+                                <phase>verify</phase>
+                                <goals>
+                                    <goal>sign</goal>
+                                </goals>
+                            </execution>
+                        </executions>
+                    </plugin>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>maven-source-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <version>3.3.0</version>
+                        <executions>
+                            <execution>
+                                <id>attach-sources</id>
+                                <goals>
+                                    <goal>jar-no-fork</goal>
+                                </goals>
+                            </execution>
+                        </executions>
+                    </plugin>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.sonatype.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>nexus-staging-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <version>1.6.13</version>
+                        <extensions>true</extensions>
+                        <configuration>
+                            <serverId>ossrh</serverId>
+                            <nexusUrl>https://oss.sonatype.org/</nexusUrl>
+                            <autoReleaseAfterClose>false</autoReleaseAfterClose>
+                        </configuration>
+                    </plugin>
+                    <plugin>
+                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
+                        <configuration>
+                            <skipTests>true</skipTests>
+                        </configuration>
+                    </plugin>
+                </plugins>
+            </build>
+        </profile>
         <profile>
             <id>assembly</id>
             <build>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j-example/pom.xml

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
     <name>xgboost4j-example</name>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j-example_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j-example_2.12</artifactId>
-    <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <version>2.0.3</version>
     <packaging>jar</packaging>
     <build>
         <plugins>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
     <dependencies>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+            <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark_2.12</artifactId>
             <version>${project.version}</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>xgboost4j-flink_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+            <artifactId>xgboost4j-flink_2.12</artifactId>
             <version>${project.version}</version>
         </dependency>
     </dependencies>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j-flink/pom.xml

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
 
     <name>xgboost4j-flink</name>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j-flink_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j-flink_2.12</artifactId>
-    <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <version>2.0.3</version>
     <properties>
       <flink-ml.version>2.2.0</flink-ml.version>
     </properties>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     <dependencies>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>xgboost4j_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+            <artifactId>xgboost4j_2.12</artifactId>
             <version>${project.version}</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j-gpu/pom.xml

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j-gpu_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j-gpu_2.12</artifactId>
     <name>xgboost4j-gpu</name>
-    <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <version>2.0.3</version>
     <packaging>jar</packaging>
 
     <dependencies>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j-spark-gpu/pom.xml

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
     <name>xgboost4j-spark-gpu</name>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark-gpu_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark-gpu_2.12</artifactId>
     <build>
         <plugins>
             <plugin>
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     <dependencies>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>xgboost4j-gpu_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+            <artifactId>xgboost4j-gpu_2.12</artifactId>
             <version>${project.version}</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j-spark/pom.xml

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
     <name>xgboost4j-spark</name>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j-spark_2.12</artifactId>
     <build>
         <plugins>
             <plugin>
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     <dependencies>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>xgboost4j_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+            <artifactId>xgboost4j_2.12</artifactId>
             <version>${project.version}</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>

jvm-packages/xgboost4j/pom.xml

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
     <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
     <parent>
         <groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
-        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm</artifactId>
+        <artifactId>xgboost-jvm_2.12</artifactId>
-        <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <version>2.0.3</version>
     </parent>
     <name>xgboost4j</name>
-    <artifactId>xgboost4j_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+    <artifactId>xgboost4j_2.12</artifactId>
-    <version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <version>2.0.3</version>
     <packaging>jar</packaging>
 
     <dependencies>

python-package/packager/nativelib.py

@@ -132,17 +132,29 @@ def locate_or_build_libxgboost(
 
     if build_config.use_system_libxgboost:
         # Find libxgboost from system prefix
-        sys_base_prefix = pathlib.Path(sys.base_prefix).absolute().resolve()
+        sys_prefix = pathlib.Path(sys.base_prefix)
-        libxgboost_sys = sys_base_prefix / "lib" / _lib_name()
+        sys_prefix_candidates = [
-        if not libxgboost_sys.exists():
+            sys_prefix / "lib",
+            # Paths possibly used on Windows
+            sys_prefix / "bin",
+            sys_prefix / "Library",
+            sys_prefix / "Library" / "bin",
+            sys_prefix / "Library" / "lib",
+        ]
+        sys_prefix_candidates = [
+            p.expanduser().resolve() for p in sys_prefix_candidates
+        ]
+        for candidate_dir in sys_prefix_candidates:
+            libtreelite_sys = candidate_dir / _lib_name()
+            if libtreelite_sys.exists():
+                logger.info("Using system XGBoost: %s", str(libtreelite_sys))
+                return libtreelite_sys
         raise RuntimeError(
             f"use_system_libxgboost was specified but {_lib_name()} is "
-                f"not found in {libxgboost_sys.parent}"
+            f"not found. Paths searched (in order): \n"
+            + "\n".join([f"* {str(p)}" for p in sys_prefix_candidates])
         )
 
-        logger.info("Using system XGBoost: %s", str(libxgboost_sys))
-        return libxgboost_sys
-
     libxgboost = locate_local_libxgboost(toplevel_dir, logger=logger)
     if libxgboost is not None:
         return libxgboost

python-package/pyproject.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ build-backend = "packager.pep517"
 
 [project]
 name = "xgboost"
-version = "2.0.0-dev"
+version = "2.0.3"
 authors = [
     { name = "Hyunsu Cho", email = "chohyu01@cs.washington.edu" },
     { name = "Jiaming Yuan", email = "jm.yuan@outlook.com" }

python-package/xgboost/VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.0.0-dev
+2.0.3

python-package/xgboost/compat.py

@@ -88,6 +88,18 @@ def is_cudf_available() -> bool:
         return False
 
 
+def is_cupy_available() -> bool:
+    """Check cupy package available or not"""
+    if importlib.util.find_spec("cupy") is None:
+        return False
+    try:
+        import cupy
+
+        return True
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+
 try:
     import scipy.sparse as scipy_sparse
     from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix as scipy_csr

python-package/xgboost/core.py

@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ def _load_lib() -> ctypes.CDLL:
             lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(lib_path)
             setattr(lib, "path", os.path.normpath(lib_path))
             lib_success = True
+            break
         except OSError as e:
             os_error_list.append(str(e))
             continue
@@ -2399,6 +2400,7 @@ class Booster:
             _is_cudf_df,
             _is_cupy_array,
             _is_list,
+            _is_np_array_like,
             _is_pandas_df,
             _is_pandas_series,
             _is_tuple,
@@ -2428,7 +2430,7 @@ class Booster:
                     f"got {data.shape[1]}"
                 )
 
-        if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
+        if _is_np_array_like(data):
             from .data import _ensure_np_dtype
 
             data, _ = _ensure_np_dtype(data, data.dtype)

python-package/xgboost/dask.py

@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ from .data import _is_cudf_ser, _is_cupy_array
 from .sklearn import (
     XGBClassifier,
     XGBClassifierBase,
-    XGBClassifierMixIn,
     XGBModel,
     XGBRanker,
     XGBRankerMixIn,
@@ -1854,7 +1853,7 @@ class DaskXGBRegressor(DaskScikitLearnBase, XGBRegressorBase):
     "Implementation of the scikit-learn API for XGBoost classification.",
     ["estimators", "model"],
 )
-class DaskXGBClassifier(DaskScikitLearnBase, XGBClassifierMixIn, XGBClassifierBase):
+class DaskXGBClassifier(DaskScikitLearnBase, XGBClassifierBase):
     # pylint: disable=missing-class-docstring
     async def _fit_async(
         self,
@@ -2036,10 +2035,6 @@ class DaskXGBClassifier(DaskScikitLearnBase, XGBClassifierMixIn, XGBClassifierBa
             preds = da.map_blocks(_argmax, pred_probs, drop_axis=1)
         return preds
 
-    def load_model(self, fname: ModelIn) -> None:
-        super().load_model(fname)
-        self._load_model_attributes(self.get_booster())
-
 
 @xgboost_model_doc(
     """Implementation of the Scikit-Learn API for XGBoost Ranking.

python-package/xgboost/data.py

@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ def _is_scipy_coo(data: DataType) -> bool:
     return isinstance(data, scipy.sparse.coo_matrix)
 
 
-def _is_numpy_array(data: DataType) -> bool:
+def _is_np_array_like(data: DataType) -> bool:
-    return isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, np.matrix))
+    return hasattr(data, "__array_interface__")
 
 
 def _ensure_np_dtype(
@@ -317,7 +317,6 @@ def pandas_feature_info(
 ) -> Tuple[Optional[FeatureNames], Optional[FeatureTypes]]:
     """Handle feature info for pandas dataframe."""
     import pandas as pd
-    from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype, is_sparse
 
     # handle feature names
     if feature_names is None and meta is None:
@@ -332,10 +331,10 @@ def pandas_feature_info(
     if feature_types is None and meta is None:
         feature_types = []
         for dtype in data.dtypes:
-            if is_sparse(dtype):
+            if is_pd_sparse_dtype(dtype):
                 feature_types.append(_pandas_dtype_mapper[dtype.subtype.name])
             elif (
-                is_categorical_dtype(dtype) or is_pa_ext_categorical_dtype(dtype)
+                is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype) or is_pa_ext_categorical_dtype(dtype)
             ) and enable_categorical:
                 feature_types.append(CAT_T)
             else:
@@ -345,18 +344,13 @@ def pandas_feature_info(
 
 def is_nullable_dtype(dtype: PandasDType) -> bool:
     """Whether dtype is a pandas nullable type."""
-    from pandas.api.types import (
+    from pandas.api.types import is_bool_dtype, is_float_dtype, is_integer_dtype
-        is_bool_dtype,
-        is_categorical_dtype,
-        is_float_dtype,
-        is_integer_dtype,
-    )
 
     is_int = is_integer_dtype(dtype) and dtype.name in pandas_nullable_mapper
     # np.bool has alias `bool`, while pd.BooleanDtype has `boolean`.
     is_bool = is_bool_dtype(dtype) and dtype.name == "boolean"
     is_float = is_float_dtype(dtype) and dtype.name in pandas_nullable_mapper
-    return is_int or is_bool or is_float or is_categorical_dtype(dtype)
+    return is_int or is_bool or is_float or is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype)
 
 
 def is_pa_ext_dtype(dtype: Any) -> bool:
@@ -371,17 +365,48 @@ def is_pa_ext_categorical_dtype(dtype: Any) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype: PandasDType) -> bool:
+    """Wrapper for testing pandas category type."""
+    import pandas as pd
+
+    if hasattr(pd.util, "version") and hasattr(pd.util.version, "Version"):
+        Version = pd.util.version.Version
+        if Version(pd.__version__) >= Version("2.1.0"):
+            from pandas import CategoricalDtype
+
+            return isinstance(dtype, CategoricalDtype)
+
+    from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype
+
+    return is_categorical_dtype(dtype)
+
+
+def is_pd_sparse_dtype(dtype: PandasDType) -> bool:
+    """Wrapper for testing pandas sparse type."""
+    import pandas as pd
+
+    if hasattr(pd.util, "version") and hasattr(pd.util.version, "Version"):
+        Version = pd.util.version.Version
+        if Version(pd.__version__) >= Version("2.1.0"):
+            from pandas import SparseDtype
+
+            return isinstance(dtype, SparseDtype)
+
+    from pandas.api.types import is_sparse
+
+    return is_sparse(dtype)
+
+
 def pandas_cat_null(data: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
     """Handle categorical dtype and nullable extension types from pandas."""
     import pandas as pd
-    from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype
 
     # handle category codes and nullable.
     cat_columns = []
     nul_columns = []
     # avoid an unnecessary conversion if possible
     for col, dtype in zip(data.columns, data.dtypes):
-        if is_categorical_dtype(dtype):
+        if is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype):
             cat_columns.append(col)
         elif is_pa_ext_categorical_dtype(dtype):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -398,7 +423,7 @@ def pandas_cat_null(data: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
         transformed = data
 
     def cat_codes(ser: pd.Series) -> pd.Series:
-        if is_categorical_dtype(ser.dtype):
+        if is_pd_cat_dtype(ser.dtype):
             return ser.cat.codes
         assert is_pa_ext_categorical_dtype(ser.dtype)
         # Not yet supported, the index is not ordered for some reason. Alternately:
@@ -454,14 +479,12 @@ def _transform_pandas_df(
     meta: Optional[str] = None,
     meta_type: Optional[NumpyDType] = None,
 ) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, Optional[FeatureNames], Optional[FeatureTypes]]:
-    from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype, is_sparse
-
     pyarrow_extension = False
     for dtype in data.dtypes:
         if not (
             (dtype.name in _pandas_dtype_mapper)
-            or is_sparse(dtype)
+            or is_pd_sparse_dtype(dtype)
-            or (is_categorical_dtype(dtype) and enable_categorical)
+            or (is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype) and enable_categorical)
             or is_pa_ext_dtype(dtype)
         ):
             _invalid_dataframe_dtype(data)
@@ -515,9 +538,8 @@ def _meta_from_pandas_series(
 ) -> None:
     """Help transform pandas series for meta data like labels"""
     data = data.values.astype("float")
-    from pandas.api.types import is_sparse
 
-    if is_sparse(data):
+    if is_pd_sparse_dtype(getattr(data, "dtype", data)):
         data = data.to_dense()  # type: ignore
     assert len(data.shape) == 1 or data.shape[1] == 0 or data.shape[1] == 1
     _meta_from_numpy(data, name, dtype, handle)
@@ -539,13 +561,11 @@ def _from_pandas_series(
     feature_names: Optional[FeatureNames],
     feature_types: Optional[FeatureTypes],
 ) -> DispatchedDataBackendReturnType:
-    from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype
-
     if (data.dtype.name not in _pandas_dtype_mapper) and not (
-        is_categorical_dtype(data.dtype) and enable_categorical
+        is_pd_cat_dtype(data.dtype) and enable_categorical
     ):
         _invalid_dataframe_dtype(data)
-    if enable_categorical and is_categorical_dtype(data.dtype):
+    if enable_categorical and is_pd_cat_dtype(data.dtype):
         data = data.cat.codes
     return _from_numpy_array(
         data.values.reshape(data.shape[0], 1).astype("float"),
@@ -1051,7 +1071,7 @@ def dispatch_data_backend(
         return _from_scipy_csr(
             data.tocsr(), missing, threads, feature_names, feature_types
         )
-    if _is_numpy_array(data):
+    if _is_np_array_like(data):
         return _from_numpy_array(
             data, missing, threads, feature_names, feature_types, data_split_mode
         )
@@ -1194,7 +1214,7 @@ def dispatch_meta_backend(
     if _is_tuple(data):
         _meta_from_tuple(data, name, dtype, handle)
         return
-    if _is_numpy_array(data):
+    if _is_np_array_like(data):
         _meta_from_numpy(data, name, dtype, handle)
         return
     if _is_pandas_df(data):
@@ -1281,7 +1301,7 @@ def _proxy_transform(
         return _transform_dlpack(data), None, feature_names, feature_types
     if _is_list(data) or _is_tuple(data):
         data = np.array(data)
-    if _is_numpy_array(data):
+    if _is_np_array_like(data):
         data, _ = _ensure_np_dtype(data, data.dtype)
         return data, None, feature_names, feature_types
     if _is_scipy_csr(data):
@@ -1331,7 +1351,7 @@ def dispatch_proxy_set_data(
     if not allow_host:
         raise err
 
-    if _is_numpy_array(data):
+    if _is_np_array_like(data):
         _check_data_shape(data)
         proxy._set_data_from_array(data)  # pylint: disable=W0212
         return

python-package/xgboost/libpath.py

@@ -31,16 +31,15 @@ def find_lib_path() -> List[str]:
     ]
 
     if sys.platform == "win32":
-        if platform.architecture()[0] == "64bit":
+        # On Windows, Conda may install libs in different paths
-            dll_path.append(os.path.join(curr_path, "../../windows/x64/Release/"))
+        dll_path.extend(
-            # hack for pip installation when copy all parent source
+            [
-            # directory here
+                os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "bin"),
-            dll_path.append(os.path.join(curr_path, "./windows/x64/Release/"))
+                os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "Library"),
-        else:
+                os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "Library", "bin"),
-            dll_path.append(os.path.join(curr_path, "../../windows/Release/"))
+                os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "Library", "lib"),
-            # hack for pip installation when copy all parent source
+            ]
-            # directory here
+        )
-            dll_path.append(os.path.join(curr_path, "./windows/Release/"))
         dll_path = [os.path.join(p, "xgboost.dll") for p in dll_path]
     elif sys.platform.startswith(("linux", "freebsd", "emscripten")):
         dll_path = [os.path.join(p, "libxgboost.so") for p in dll_path]

python-package/xgboost/sklearn.py

@@ -43,19 +43,6 @@ from .data import _is_cudf_df, _is_cudf_ser, _is_cupy_array, _is_pandas_df
 from .training import train
 
 
-class XGBClassifierMixIn:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
-    """MixIn for classification."""
-
-    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def _load_model_attributes(self, booster: Booster) -> None:
-        config = json.loads(booster.save_config())
-        self.n_classes_ = int(config["learner"]["learner_model_param"]["num_class"])
-        # binary classification is treated as regression in XGBoost.
-        self.n_classes_ = 2 if self.n_classes_ < 2 else self.n_classes_
-
-
 class XGBRankerMixIn:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
     """MixIn for ranking, defines the _estimator_type usually defined in scikit-learn
     base classes.
@@ -845,9 +832,7 @@ class XGBModel(XGBModelBase):
         self.get_booster().load_model(fname)
 
         meta_str = self.get_booster().attr("scikit_learn")
-        if meta_str is None:
+        if meta_str is not None:
-            return
-
             meta = json.loads(meta_str)
             t = meta.get("_estimator_type", None)
             if t is not None and t != self._get_type():
@@ -855,11 +840,30 @@ class XGBModel(XGBModelBase):
                     "Loading an estimator with different type. Expecting: "
                     f"{self._get_type()}, got: {t}"
                 )
+
         self.feature_types = self.get_booster().feature_types
         self.get_booster().set_attr(scikit_learn=None)
+        config = json.loads(self.get_booster().save_config())
+        self._load_model_attributes(config)
 
     load_model.__doc__ = f"""{Booster.load_model.__doc__}"""
 
+    def _load_model_attributes(self, config: dict) -> None:
+        """Load model attributes without hyper-parameters."""
+        from sklearn.base import is_classifier
+
+        booster = self.get_booster()
+
+        self.objective = config["learner"]["objective"]["name"]
+        self.booster = config["learner"]["gradient_booster"]["name"]
+        self.base_score = config["learner"]["learner_model_param"]["base_score"]
+        self.feature_types = booster.feature_types
+
+        if is_classifier(self):
+            self.n_classes_ = int(config["learner"]["learner_model_param"]["num_class"])
+            # binary classification is treated as regression in XGBoost.
+            self.n_classes_ = 2 if self.n_classes_ < 2 else self.n_classes_
+
     # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
     def _configure_fit(
         self,
@@ -1409,7 +1413,7 @@ def _cls_predict_proba(n_classes: int, prediction: PredtT, vstack: Callable) ->
         Number of boosting rounds.
 """,
 )
-class XGBClassifier(XGBModel, XGBClassifierMixIn, XGBClassifierBase):
+class XGBClassifier(XGBModel, XGBClassifierBase):
     # pylint: disable=missing-docstring,invalid-name,too-many-instance-attributes
     @_deprecate_positional_args
     def __init__(
@@ -1637,10 +1641,6 @@ class XGBClassifier(XGBModel, XGBClassifierMixIn, XGBClassifierBase):
     def classes_(self) -> np.ndarray:
         return np.arange(self.n_classes_)
 
-    def load_model(self, fname: ModelIn) -> None:
-        super().load_model(fname)
-        self._load_model_attributes(self.get_booster())
-
 
 @xgboost_model_doc(
     "scikit-learn API for XGBoost random forest classification.",
@@ -2093,7 +2093,17 @@ class XGBRanker(XGBModel, XGBRankerMixIn):
 
         """
         X, qid = _get_qid(X, None)
-        Xyq = DMatrix(X, y, qid=qid)
+        # fixme(jiamingy): base margin and group weight is not yet supported. We might
+        # need to make extra special fields in the dataframe.
+        Xyq = DMatrix(
+            X,
+            y,
+            qid=qid,
+            missing=self.missing,
+            enable_categorical=self.enable_categorical,
+            nthread=self.n_jobs,
+            feature_types=self.feature_types,
+        )
         if callable(self.eval_metric):
             metric = ltr_metric_decorator(self.eval_metric, self.n_jobs)
             result_str = self.get_booster().eval_set([(Xyq, "eval")], feval=metric)

python-package/xgboost/spark/core.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from typing import (
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-from pyspark import SparkContext, cloudpickle
+from pyspark import RDD, SparkContext, cloudpickle
 from pyspark.ml import Estimator, Model
 from pyspark.ml.functions import array_to_vector, vector_to_array
 from pyspark.ml.linalg import VectorUDT
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from pyspark.ml.util import (
     MLWritable,
     MLWriter,
 )
+from pyspark.resource import ResourceProfileBuilder, TaskResourceRequests
 from pyspark.sql import Column, DataFrame
 from pyspark.sql.functions import col, countDistinct, pandas_udf, rand, struct
 from pyspark.sql.types import (
@@ -59,11 +60,12 @@ from scipy.special import expit, softmax  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
 
 import xgboost
 from xgboost import XGBClassifier
-from xgboost.compat import is_cudf_available
+from xgboost.compat import is_cudf_available, is_cupy_available
 from xgboost.core import Booster, _check_distributed_params
 from xgboost.sklearn import DEFAULT_N_ESTIMATORS, XGBModel, _can_use_qdm
 from xgboost.training import train as worker_train
 
+from .._typing import ArrayLike
 from .data import (
     _read_csr_matrix_from_unwrapped_spark_vec,
     alias,
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ from .utils import (
     _get_rabit_args,
     _get_spark_session,
     _is_local,
+    _is_standalone_or_localcluster,
     deserialize_booster,
     deserialize_xgb_model,
     get_class_name,
@@ -241,6 +244,13 @@ class _SparkXGBParams(
         TypeConverters.toList,
     )
 
+    def set_device(self, value: str) -> "_SparkXGBParams":
+        """Set device, optional value: cpu, cuda, gpu"""
+        _check_distributed_params({"device": value})
+        assert value in ("cpu", "cuda", "gpu")
+        self.set(self.device, value)
+        return self
+
     @classmethod
     def _xgb_cls(cls) -> Type[XGBModel]:
         """
@@ -334,6 +344,54 @@ class _SparkXGBParams(
                 predict_params[param.name] = self.getOrDefault(param)
         return predict_params
 
+    def _validate_gpu_params(self) -> None:
+        """Validate the gpu parameters and gpu configurations"""
+
+        if use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device)) or self.getOrDefault(self.use_gpu):
+            ss = _get_spark_session()
+            sc = ss.sparkContext
+
+            if _is_local(sc):
+                # Support GPU training in Spark local mode is just for debugging
+                # purposes, so it's okay for printing the below warning instead of
+                # checking the real gpu numbers and raising the exception.
+                get_logger(self.__class__.__name__).warning(
+                    "You have enabled GPU in spark local mode. Please make sure your"
+                    " local node has at least %d GPUs",
+                    self.getOrDefault(self.num_workers),
+                )
+            else:
+                executor_gpus = sc.getConf().get("spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount")
+                if executor_gpus is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The `spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount` is required for training"
+                        " on GPU."
+                    )
+
+                if not (ss.version >= "3.4.0" and _is_standalone_or_localcluster(sc)):
+                    # We will enable stage-level scheduling in spark 3.4.0+ which doesn't
+                    # require spark.task.resource.gpu.amount to be set explicitly
+                    gpu_per_task = sc.getConf().get("spark.task.resource.gpu.amount")
+                    if gpu_per_task is not None:
+                        if float(gpu_per_task) < 1.0:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "XGBoost doesn't support GPU fractional configurations. "
+                                "Please set `spark.task.resource.gpu.amount=spark.executor"
+                                ".resource.gpu.amount`"
+                            )
+
+                        if float(gpu_per_task) > 1.0:
+                            get_logger(self.__class__.__name__).warning(
+                                "%s GPUs for each Spark task is configured, but each "
+                                "XGBoost training task uses only 1 GPU.",
+                                gpu_per_task,
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "The `spark.task.resource.gpu.amount` is required for training"
+                            " on GPU."
+                        )
+
     def _validate_params(self) -> None:
         # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
         init_model = self.getOrDefault("xgb_model")
@@ -413,53 +471,7 @@ class _SparkXGBParams(
                     "`pyspark.ml.linalg.Vector` type."
                 )
 
-        if use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device)) or self.getOrDefault(self.use_gpu):
+        self._validate_gpu_params()
-            gpu_per_task = (
-                _get_spark_session()
-                .sparkContext.getConf()
-                .get("spark.task.resource.gpu.amount")
-            )
-
-            is_local = _is_local(_get_spark_session().sparkContext)
-
-            if is_local:
-                # checking spark local mode.
-                if gpu_per_task is not None:
-                    raise RuntimeError(
-                        "The spark local mode does not support gpu configuration."
-                        "Please remove spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount and "
-                        "spark.task.resource.gpu.amount"
-                    )
-
-                # Support GPU training in Spark local mode is just for debugging
-                # purposes, so it's okay for printing the below warning instead of
-                # checking the real gpu numbers and raising the exception.
-                get_logger(self.__class__.__name__).warning(
-                    "You have enabled GPU in spark local mode. Please make sure your"
-                    " local node has at least %d GPUs",
-                    self.getOrDefault(self.num_workers),
-                )
-            else:
-                # checking spark non-local mode.
-                if gpu_per_task is not None:
-                    if float(gpu_per_task) < 1.0:
-                        raise ValueError(
-                            "XGBoost doesn't support GPU fractional configurations. "
-                            "Please set `spark.task.resource.gpu.amount=spark.executor"
-                            ".resource.gpu.amount`"
-                        )
-
-                    if float(gpu_per_task) > 1.0:
-                        get_logger(self.__class__.__name__).warning(
-                            "%s GPUs for each Spark task is configured, but each "
-                            "XGBoost training task uses only 1 GPU.",
-                            gpu_per_task,
-                        )
-                else:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "The `spark.task.resource.gpu.amount` is required for training"
-                        " on GPU."
-                    )
 
 
 def _validate_and_convert_feature_col_as_float_col_list(
@@ -584,6 +596,8 @@ class _SparkXGBEstimator(Estimator, _SparkXGBParams, MLReadable, MLWritable):
             arbitrary_params_dict={},
         )
 
+        self.logger = get_logger(self.__class__.__name__)
+
     def setParams(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
         """
         Set params for the estimator.
@@ -886,6 +900,116 @@ class _SparkXGBEstimator(Estimator, _SparkXGBParams, MLReadable, MLWritable):
 
         return booster_params, train_call_kwargs_params, dmatrix_kwargs
 
+    def _skip_stage_level_scheduling(self) -> bool:
+        # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
+        """Check if stage-level scheduling is not needed,
+        return true to skip stage-level scheduling"""
+
+        if use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device)) or self.getOrDefault(self.use_gpu):
+            ss = _get_spark_session()
+            sc = ss.sparkContext
+
+            if ss.version < "3.4.0":
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Stage-level scheduling in xgboost requires spark version 3.4.0+"
+                )
+                return True
+
+            if not _is_standalone_or_localcluster(sc):
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Stage-level scheduling in xgboost requires spark standalone or "
+                    "local-cluster mode"
+                )
+                return True
+
+            executor_cores = sc.getConf().get("spark.executor.cores")
+            executor_gpus = sc.getConf().get("spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount")
+            if executor_cores is None or executor_gpus is None:
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Stage-level scheduling in xgboost requires spark.executor.cores, "
+                    "spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount to be set."
+                )
+                return True
+
+            if int(executor_cores) == 1:
+                # there will be only 1 task running at any time.
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Stage-level scheduling in xgboost requires spark.executor.cores > 1 "
+                )
+                return True
+
+            if int(executor_gpus) > 1:
+                # For spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount > 1, we suppose user knows how to configure
+                # to make xgboost run successfully.
+                #
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Stage-level scheduling in xgboost will not work "
+                    "when spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount>1"
+                )
+                return True
+
+            task_gpu_amount = sc.getConf().get("spark.task.resource.gpu.amount")
+
+            if task_gpu_amount is None:
+                # The ETL tasks will not grab a gpu when spark.task.resource.gpu.amount is not set,
+                # but with stage-level scheduling, we can make training task grab the gpu.
+                return False
+
+            if float(task_gpu_amount) == float(executor_gpus):
+                # spark.executor.resource.gpu.amount=spark.task.resource.gpu.amount "
+                # results in only 1 task running at a time, which may cause perf issue.
+                return True
+
+            # We can enable stage-level scheduling
+            return False
+
+        # CPU training doesn't require stage-level scheduling
+        return True
+
+    def _try_stage_level_scheduling(self, rdd: RDD) -> RDD:
+        """Try to enable stage-level scheduling"""
+
+        if self._skip_stage_level_scheduling():
+            return rdd
+
+        ss = _get_spark_session()
+
+        # executor_cores will not be None
+        executor_cores = ss.sparkContext.getConf().get("spark.executor.cores")
+        assert executor_cores is not None
+
+        # Spark-rapids is a project to leverage GPUs to accelerate spark SQL.
+        # If spark-rapids is enabled, to avoid GPU OOM, we don't allow other
+        # ETL gpu tasks running alongside training tasks.
+        spark_plugins = ss.conf.get("spark.plugins", " ")
+        assert spark_plugins is not None
+        spark_rapids_sql_enabled = ss.conf.get("spark.rapids.sql.enabled", "true")
+        assert spark_rapids_sql_enabled is not None
+
+        task_cores = (
+            int(executor_cores)
+            if "com.nvidia.spark.SQLPlugin" in spark_plugins
+            and "true" == spark_rapids_sql_enabled.lower()
+            else (int(executor_cores) // 2) + 1
+        )
+
+        # Each training task requires cpu cores > total executor cores//2 + 1 which can
+        # make sure the tasks be sent to different executors.
+        #
+        # Please note that we can't use GPU to limit the concurrent tasks because of
+        # https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-45527.
+
+        task_gpus = 1.0
+        treqs = TaskResourceRequests().cpus(task_cores).resource("gpu", task_gpus)
+        rp = ResourceProfileBuilder().require(treqs).build
+
+        self.logger.info(
+            "XGBoost training tasks require the resource(cores=%s, gpu=%s).",
+            task_cores,
+            task_gpus,
+        )
+        return rdd.withResources(rp)
+
     def _fit(self, dataset: DataFrame) -> "_SparkXGBModel":
         # pylint: disable=too-many-statements, too-many-locals
         self._validate_params()
@@ -986,14 +1110,16 @@ class _SparkXGBEstimator(Estimator, _SparkXGBParams, MLReadable, MLWritable):
                 )
 
         def _run_job() -> Tuple[str, str]:
-            ret = (
+            rdd = (
                 dataset.mapInPandas(
-                    _train_booster, schema="config string, booster string"  # type: ignore
+                    _train_booster,  # type: ignore
+                    schema="config string, booster string",
                 )
                 .rdd.barrier()
                 .mapPartitions(lambda x: x)
-                .collect()[0]
             )
+            rdd_with_resource = self._try_stage_level_scheduling(rdd)
+            ret = rdd_with_resource.collect()[0]
             return ret[0], ret[1]
 
         get_logger("XGBoost-PySpark").info(
@@ -1117,12 +1243,111 @@ class _SparkXGBModel(Model, _SparkXGBParams, MLReadable, MLWritable):
             )
         return features_col, feature_col_names
 
+    def _get_pred_contrib_col_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the pred_contrib_col col name"""
+        pred_contrib_col_name = None
+        if (
+            self.isDefined(self.pred_contrib_col)
+            and self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col) != ""
+        ):
+            pred_contrib_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col)
+
+        return pred_contrib_col_name
+
+    def _out_schema(self) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+        """Return the bool to indicate if it's a single prediction, true is single prediction,
+        and the returned type of the user-defined function. The value must
+        be a DDL-formatted type string."""
+
+        if self._get_pred_contrib_col_name() is not None:
+            return False, f"{pred.prediction} double, {pred.pred_contrib} array<double>"
+
+        return True, "double"
+
+    def _get_predict_func(self) -> Callable:
+        """Return the true prediction function which will be running on the executor side"""
+
+        predict_params = self._gen_predict_params_dict()
+        pred_contrib_col_name = self._get_pred_contrib_col_name()
+
+        def _predict(
+            model: XGBModel, X: ArrayLike, base_margin: Optional[ArrayLike]
+        ) -> Union[pd.DataFrame, pd.Series]:
+            data = {}
+            preds = model.predict(
+                X,
+                base_margin=base_margin,
+                validate_features=False,
+                **predict_params,
+            )
+            data[pred.prediction] = pd.Series(preds)
+
+            if pred_contrib_col_name is not None:
+                contribs = pred_contribs(model, X, base_margin)
+                data[pred.pred_contrib] = pd.Series(list(contribs))
+                return pd.DataFrame(data=data)
+
+            return data[pred.prediction]
+
+        return _predict
+
+    def _post_transform(self, dataset: DataFrame, pred_col: Column) -> DataFrame:
+        """Post process of transform"""
+        prediction_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.predictionCol)
+        single_pred, _ = self._out_schema()
+
+        if single_pred:
+            if prediction_col_name:
+                dataset = dataset.withColumn(prediction_col_name, pred_col)
+        else:
+            pred_struct_col = "_prediction_struct"
+            dataset = dataset.withColumn(pred_struct_col, pred_col)
+
+            if prediction_col_name:
+                dataset = dataset.withColumn(
+                    prediction_col_name, getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.prediction)
+                )
+
+            pred_contrib_col_name = self._get_pred_contrib_col_name()
+            if pred_contrib_col_name is not None:
+                dataset = dataset.withColumn(
+                    pred_contrib_col_name,
+                    array_to_vector(getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.pred_contrib)),
+                )
+
+            dataset = dataset.drop(pred_struct_col)
+        return dataset
+
+    def _gpu_transform(self) -> bool:
+        """If gpu is used to do the prediction, true to gpu prediction"""
+
+        if _is_local(_get_spark_session().sparkContext):
+            # if it's local model, we just use the internal "device"
+            return use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device))
+
+        gpu_per_task = (
+            _get_spark_session()
+            .sparkContext.getConf()
+            .get("spark.task.resource.gpu.amount")
+        )
+
+        # User don't set gpu configurations, just use cpu
+        if gpu_per_task is None:
+            if use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device)):
+                get_logger("XGBoost-PySpark").warning(
+                    "Do the prediction on the CPUs since "
+                    "no gpu configurations are set"
+                )
+            return False
+
+        # User already sets the gpu configurations, we just use the internal "device".
+        return use_cuda(self.getOrDefault(self.device))
+
     def _transform(self, dataset: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
         # pylint: disable=too-many-statements, too-many-locals
         # Save xgb_sklearn_model and predict_params to be local variable
         # to avoid the `self` object to be pickled to remote.
         xgb_sklearn_model = self._xgb_sklearn_model
-        predict_params = self._gen_predict_params_dict()
 
         has_base_margin = False
         if (
@@ -1137,79 +1362,92 @@ class _SparkXGBModel(Model, _SparkXGBParams, MLReadable, MLWritable):
         features_col, feature_col_names = self._get_feature_col(dataset)
         enable_sparse_data_optim = self.getOrDefault(self.enable_sparse_data_optim)
 
-        pred_contrib_col_name = None
+        predict_func = self._get_predict_func()
-        if (
-            self.isDefined(self.pred_contrib_col)
-            and self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col) != ""
-        ):
-            pred_contrib_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col)
 
-        single_pred = True
+        _, schema = self._out_schema()
-        schema = "double"
+
-        if pred_contrib_col_name:
+        is_local = _is_local(_get_spark_session().sparkContext)
-            single_pred = False
+        run_on_gpu = self._gpu_transform()
-            schema = f"{pred.prediction} double, {pred.pred_contrib} array<double>"
 
         @pandas_udf(schema)  # type: ignore
         def predict_udf(iterator: Iterator[pd.DataFrame]) -> Iterator[pd.Series]:
             assert xgb_sklearn_model is not None
             model = xgb_sklearn_model
+
+            from pyspark import TaskContext
+
+            context = TaskContext.get()
+            assert context is not None
+
+            dev_ordinal = -1
+
+            if is_cudf_available():
+                if is_local:
+                    if run_on_gpu and is_cupy_available():
+                        import cupy as cp  # pylint: disable=import-error
+
+                        total_gpus = cp.cuda.runtime.getDeviceCount()
+                        if total_gpus > 0:
+                            partition_id = context.partitionId()
+                            # For transform local mode, default the dev_ordinal to
+                            # (partition id) % gpus.
+                            dev_ordinal = partition_id % total_gpus
+                elif run_on_gpu:
+                    dev_ordinal = _get_gpu_id(context)
+
+                if dev_ordinal >= 0:
+                    device = "cuda:" + str(dev_ordinal)
+                    get_logger("XGBoost-PySpark").info(
+                        "Do the inference with device: %s", device
+                    )
+                    model.set_params(device=device)
+                else:
+                    get_logger("XGBoost-PySpark").info("Do the inference on the CPUs")
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    "CUDF is unavailable, fallback the inference on the CPUs"
+                    if run_on_gpu
+                    else "Do the inference on the CPUs"
+                )
+                get_logger("XGBoost-PySpark").info(msg)
+
+            def to_gpu_if_possible(data: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+                """Move the data to gpu if possible"""
+                if dev_ordinal >= 0:
+                    import cudf  # pylint: disable=import-error
+                    import cupy as cp  # pylint: disable=import-error
+
+                    # We must set the device after import cudf, which will change the device id to 0
+                    # See https://github.com/rapidsai/cudf/issues/11386
+                    cp.cuda.runtime.setDevice(dev_ordinal)  # pylint: disable=I1101
+                    df = cudf.DataFrame(data)
+                    del data
+                    return df
+                return data
+
             for data in iterator:
                 if enable_sparse_data_optim:
                     X = _read_csr_matrix_from_unwrapped_spark_vec(data)
                 else:
                     if feature_col_names is not None:
-                        X = data[feature_col_names]
+                        tmp = data[feature_col_names]
                     else:
-                        X = stack_series(data[alias.data])
+                        tmp = stack_series(data[alias.data])
+                    X = to_gpu_if_possible(tmp)
 
                 if has_base_margin:
-                    base_margin = data[alias.margin].to_numpy()
+                    base_margin = to_gpu_if_possible(data[alias.margin])
                 else:
                     base_margin = None
 
-                data = {}
+                yield predict_func(model, X, base_margin)
-                preds = model.predict(
-                    X,
-                    base_margin=base_margin,
-                    validate_features=False,
-                    **predict_params,
-                )
-                data[pred.prediction] = pd.Series(preds)
-
-                if pred_contrib_col_name:
-                    contribs = pred_contribs(model, X, base_margin)
-                    data[pred.pred_contrib] = pd.Series(list(contribs))
-                    yield pd.DataFrame(data=data)
-                else:
-                    yield data[pred.prediction]
 
         if has_base_margin:
             pred_col = predict_udf(struct(*features_col, base_margin_col))
         else:
             pred_col = predict_udf(struct(*features_col))
 
-        prediction_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.predictionCol)
+        return self._post_transform(dataset, pred_col)
-
-        if single_pred:
-            dataset = dataset.withColumn(prediction_col_name, pred_col)
-        else:
-            pred_struct_col = "_prediction_struct"
-            dataset = dataset.withColumn(pred_struct_col, pred_col)
-
-            dataset = dataset.withColumn(
-                prediction_col_name, getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.prediction)
-            )
-
-            if pred_contrib_col_name:
-                dataset = dataset.withColumn(
-                    pred_contrib_col_name,
-                    array_to_vector(getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.pred_contrib)),
-                )
-
-            dataset = dataset.drop(pred_struct_col)
-
-        return dataset
 
 
 class _ClassificationModel(  # pylint: disable=abstract-method
@@ -1221,22 +1459,21 @@ class _ClassificationModel(  # pylint: disable=abstract-method
     .. Note:: This API is experimental.
     """
 
-    def _transform(self, dataset: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
+    def _out_schema(self) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
-        # pylint: disable=too-many-statements, too-many-locals
+        schema = (
-        # Save xgb_sklearn_model and predict_params to be local variable
+            f"{pred.raw_prediction} array<double>, {pred.prediction} double,"
-        # to avoid the `self` object to be pickled to remote.
+            f" {pred.probability} array<double>"
-        xgb_sklearn_model = self._xgb_sklearn_model
-        predict_params = self._gen_predict_params_dict()
-
-        has_base_margin = False
-        if (
-            self.isDefined(self.base_margin_col)
-            and self.getOrDefault(self.base_margin_col) != ""
-        ):
-            has_base_margin = True
-            base_margin_col = col(self.getOrDefault(self.base_margin_col)).alias(
-                alias.margin
         )
+        if self._get_pred_contrib_col_name() is not None:
+            # We will force setting strict_shape to True when predicting contribs,
+            # So, it will also output 3-D shape result.
+            schema = f"{schema}, {pred.pred_contrib} array<array<double>>"
+
+        return False, schema
+
+    def _get_predict_func(self) -> Callable:
+        predict_params = self._gen_predict_params_dict()
+        pred_contrib_col_name = self._get_pred_contrib_col_name()
 
         def transform_margin(margins: np.ndarray) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
             if margins.ndim == 1:
@@ -1251,45 +1488,9 @@ class _ClassificationModel(  # pylint: disable=abstract-method
                 class_probs = softmax(raw_preds, axis=1)
             return raw_preds, class_probs
 
-        features_col, feature_col_names = self._get_feature_col(dataset)
+        def _predict(
-        enable_sparse_data_optim = self.getOrDefault(self.enable_sparse_data_optim)
+            model: XGBModel, X: ArrayLike, base_margin: Optional[np.ndarray]
-
+        ) -> Union[pd.DataFrame, pd.Series]:
-        pred_contrib_col_name = None
-        if (
-            self.isDefined(self.pred_contrib_col)
-            and self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col) != ""
-        ):
-            pred_contrib_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.pred_contrib_col)
-
-        schema = (
-            f"{pred.raw_prediction} array<double>, {pred.prediction} double,"
-            f" {pred.probability} array<double>"
-        )
-        if pred_contrib_col_name:
-            # We will force setting strict_shape to True when predicting contribs,
-            # So, it will also output 3-D shape result.
-            schema = f"{schema}, {pred.pred_contrib} array<array<double>>"
-
-        @pandas_udf(schema)  # type: ignore
-        def predict_udf(
-            iterator: Iterator[Tuple[pd.Series, ...]]
-        ) -> Iterator[pd.DataFrame]:
-            assert xgb_sklearn_model is not None
-            model = xgb_sklearn_model
-            for data in iterator:
-                if enable_sparse_data_optim:
-                    X = _read_csr_matrix_from_unwrapped_spark_vec(data)
-                else:
-                    if feature_col_names is not None:
-                        X = data[feature_col_names]  # type: ignore
-                    else:
-                        X = stack_series(data[alias.data])
-
-                if has_base_margin:
-                    base_margin = stack_series(data[alias.margin])
-                else:
-                    base_margin = None
-
             margins = model.predict(
                 X,
                 base_margin=base_margin,
@@ -1308,19 +1509,17 @@ class _ClassificationModel(  # pylint: disable=abstract-method
                 pred.probability: pd.Series(list(class_probs)),
             }
 
-                if pred_contrib_col_name:
+            if pred_contrib_col_name is not None:
                 contribs = pred_contribs(model, X, base_margin, strict_shape=True)
                 result[pred.pred_contrib] = pd.Series(list(contribs.tolist()))
 
-                yield pd.DataFrame(data=result)
+            return pd.DataFrame(data=result)
 
-        if has_base_margin:
+        return _predict
-            pred_struct = predict_udf(struct(*features_col, base_margin_col))
-        else:
-            pred_struct = predict_udf(struct(*features_col))
 
+    def _post_transform(self, dataset: DataFrame, pred_col: Column) -> DataFrame:
         pred_struct_col = "_prediction_struct"
-        dataset = dataset.withColumn(pred_struct_col, pred_struct)
+        dataset = dataset.withColumn(pred_struct_col, pred_col)
 
         raw_prediction_col_name = self.getOrDefault(self.rawPredictionCol)
         if raw_prediction_col_name:
@@ -1342,7 +1541,8 @@ class _ClassificationModel(  # pylint: disable=abstract-method
                 array_to_vector(getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.probability)),
             )
 
-        if pred_contrib_col_name:
+        pred_contrib_col_name = self._get_pred_contrib_col_name()
+        if pred_contrib_col_name is not None:
             dataset = dataset.withColumn(
                 pred_contrib_col_name,
                 getattr(col(pred_struct_col), pred.pred_contrib),

python-package/xgboost/spark/utils.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from threading import Thread
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Set, Type
 
 import pyspark
-from pyspark import BarrierTaskContext, SparkContext, SparkFiles
+from pyspark import BarrierTaskContext, SparkContext, SparkFiles, TaskContext
 from pyspark.sql.session import SparkSession
 
 from xgboost import Booster, XGBModel, collective
@@ -129,7 +129,14 @@ def _is_local(spark_context: SparkContext) -> bool:
     return spark_context._jsc.sc().isLocal()
 
 
-def _get_gpu_id(task_context: BarrierTaskContext) -> int:
+def _is_standalone_or_localcluster(spark_context: SparkContext) -> bool:
+    master = spark_context.getConf().get("spark.master")
+    return master is not None and (
+        master.startswith("spark://") or master.startswith("local-cluster")
+    )
+
+
+def _get_gpu_id(task_context: TaskContext) -> int:
     """Get the gpu id from the task resources"""
     if task_context is None:
         # This is a safety check.

python-package/xgboost/testing/ranking.py

@@ -75,3 +75,28 @@ def run_ranking_qid_df(impl: ModuleType, tree_method: str) -> None:
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Either `group` or `qid`."):
         ranker.fit(df, y, eval_set=[(X, y)])
+
+
+def run_ranking_categorical(device: str) -> None:
+    """Test LTR with categorical features."""
+    from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
+
+    X, y = tm.make_categorical(
+        n_samples=512, n_features=10, n_categories=3, onehot=False
+    )
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(1994)
+    qid = rng.choice(3, size=y.shape[0])
+    qid = np.sort(qid)
+    X["qid"] = qid
+
+    ltr = xgb.XGBRanker(enable_categorical=True, device=device)
+    ltr.fit(X, y)
+    score = ltr.score(X, y)
+    assert score > 0.9
+
+    ltr = xgb.XGBRanker(enable_categorical=True, device=device)
+
+    # test using the score function inside sklearn.
+    scores = cross_val_score(ltr, X, y)
+    for s in scores:
+        assert s > 0.7

src/common/categorical.h

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ inline XGBOOST_DEVICE bool InvalidCat(float cat) {
  *
  *   Go to left if it's NOT the matching category, which matches one-hot encoding.
  */
-inline XGBOOST_DEVICE bool Decision(common::Span<uint32_t const> cats, float cat) {
+inline XGBOOST_DEVICE bool Decision(common::Span<CatBitField::value_type const> cats, float cat) {
   KCatBitField const s_cats(cats);
   if (XGBOOST_EXPECT(InvalidCat(cat), false)) {
     return true;

src/common/error_msg.cc

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
  */
 #include "error_msg.h"
 
+#include <mutex>    // for call_once, once_flag
 #include <sstream>  // for stringstream
 
 #include "../collective/communicator-inl.h"  // for GetRank
+#include "xgboost/context.h"                 // for Context
 #include "xgboost/logging.h"
 
 namespace xgboost::error {
@@ -26,34 +28,43 @@ void WarnDeprecatedGPUHist() {
 }
 
 void WarnManualUpdater() {
-  bool static thread_local logged{false};
+  static std::once_flag flag;
-  if (logged) {
+  std::call_once(flag, [] {
-    return;
-  }
     LOG(WARNING)
         << "You have manually specified the `updater` parameter. The `tree_method` parameter "
            "will be ignored. Incorrect sequence of updaters will produce undefined "
            "behavior. For common uses, we recommend using `tree_method` parameter instead.";
-  logged = true;
+  });
 }
 
 void WarnDeprecatedGPUId() {
-  static thread_local bool logged{false};
+  static std::once_flag flag;
-  if (logged) {
+  std::call_once(flag, [] {
-    return;
-  }
     auto msg = DeprecatedFunc("gpu_id", "2.0.0", "device");
     msg += " E.g. device=cpu/cuda/cuda:0";
     LOG(WARNING) << msg;
-  logged = true;
+  });
 }
 
 void WarnEmptyDataset() {
-  static thread_local bool logged{false};
+  static std::once_flag flag;
-  if (logged) {
+  std::call_once(flag,
-    return;
+                 [] { LOG(WARNING) << "Empty dataset at worker: " << collective::GetRank(); });
-  }
+}
-  LOG(WARNING) << "Empty dataset at worker: " << collective::GetRank();
+
-  logged = true;
+void MismatchedDevices(Context const* booster, Context const* data) {
+  static std::once_flag flag;
+  std::call_once(flag, [&] {
+    LOG(WARNING)
+        << "Falling back to prediction using DMatrix due to mismatched devices. This might "
+           "lead to higher memory usage and slower performance. XGBoost is running on: "
+        << booster->DeviceName() << ", while the input data is on: " << data->DeviceName() << ".\n"
+        << R"(Potential solutions:
+- Use a data structure that matches the device ordinal in the booster.
+- Set the device for booster before call to inplace_predict.
+
+This warning will only be shown once.
+)";
+  });
 }
 }  // namespace xgboost::error

src/common/error_msg.h

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <string>     // for string
 
 #include "xgboost/base.h"     // for bst_feature_t
+#include "xgboost/context.h"  // for Context
 #include "xgboost/logging.h"
 #include "xgboost/string_view.h"  // for StringView
 
@@ -94,5 +95,7 @@ constexpr StringView InvalidCUDAOrdinal() {
   return "Invalid device. `device` is required to be CUDA and there must be at least one GPU "
          "available for using GPU.";
 }
+
+void MismatchedDevices(Context const* booster, Context const* data);
 }  // namespace xgboost::error
 #endif  // XGBOOST_COMMON_ERROR_MSG_H_

src/common/io.h

@@ -384,7 +384,8 @@ class PrivateMmapConstStream : public AlignedResourceReadStream {
    * @param length    See the `length` parameter of `mmap` for details.
    */
   explicit PrivateMmapConstStream(std::string path, std::size_t offset, std::size_t length)
-      : AlignedResourceReadStream{std::make_shared<MmapResource>(path, offset, length)} {}
+      : AlignedResourceReadStream{std::shared_ptr<MmapResource>{  // NOLINT
+            new MmapResource{std::move(path), offset, length}}} {}
   ~PrivateMmapConstStream() noexcept(false) override;
 };
 

src/common/ref_resource_view.h

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class RefResourceView {
 
   [[nodiscard]] size_type size() const { return size_; }  // NOLINT
   [[nodiscard]] size_type size_bytes() const {            // NOLINT
-    return Span{data(), size()}.size_bytes();
+    return Span<const value_type>{data(), size()}.size_bytes();
   }
   [[nodiscard]] value_type* data() { return ptr_; };              // NOLINT
   [[nodiscard]] value_type const* data() const { return ptr_; };  // NOLINT

src/common/threading_utils.cc

@@ -3,14 +3,23 @@
  */
 #include "threading_utils.h"
 
-#include <fstream>
+#include <algorithm>   // for max
-#include <string>
+#include <exception>   // for exception
+#include <filesystem>  // for path, exists
+#include <fstream>     // for ifstream
+#include <string>      // for string
 
-#include "xgboost/logging.h"
+#include "common.h"  // for DivRoundUp
 
-namespace xgboost {
+namespace xgboost::common {
-namespace common {
+/**
-int32_t GetCfsCPUCount() noexcept {
+ * Modified from
+ * github.com/psiha/sweater/blob/master/include/boost/sweater/hardware_concurrency.hpp
+ *
+ * MIT License: Copyright (c) 2016 Domagoj Šarić
+ */
+std::int32_t GetCGroupV1Count(std::filesystem::path const& quota_path,
+                              std::filesystem::path const& peroid_path) {
 #if defined(__linux__)
   // https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8146115
   // http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk/hs/rev/7f22774a5f42
@@ -31,8 +40,8 @@ int32_t GetCfsCPUCount() noexcept {
     }
   };
   // complete fair scheduler from Linux
-  auto const cfs_quota(read_int("/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cpu.cfs_quota_us"));
+  auto const cfs_quota(read_int(quota_path.c_str()));
-  auto const cfs_period(read_int("/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cpu.cfs_period_us"));
+  auto const cfs_period(read_int(peroid_path.c_str()));
   if ((cfs_quota > 0) && (cfs_period > 0)) {
     return std::max(cfs_quota / cfs_period, 1);
   }
@@ -40,6 +49,47 @@ int32_t GetCfsCPUCount() noexcept {
   return -1;
 }
 
+std::int32_t GetCGroupV2Count(std::filesystem::path const& bandwidth_path) noexcept(true) {
+  std::int32_t cnt{-1};
+#if defined(__linux__)
+  namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+
+  std::int32_t a{0}, b{0};
+
+  auto warn = [] { LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid cgroupv2 file."; };
+  try {
+    std::ifstream fin{bandwidth_path, std::ios::in};
+    fin >> a;
+    fin >> b;
+  } catch (std::exception const&) {
+    warn();
+    return cnt;
+  }
+  if (a > 0 && b > 0) {
+    cnt = std::max(common::DivRoundUp(a, b), 1);
+  }
+#endif  //  defined(__linux__)
+  return cnt;
+}
+
+std::int32_t GetCfsCPUCount() noexcept {
+  namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+  fs::path const bandwidth_path{"/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu.max"};
+  auto has_v2 = fs::exists(bandwidth_path);
+  if (has_v2) {
+    return GetCGroupV2Count(bandwidth_path);
+  }
+
+  fs::path const quota_path{"/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cpu.cfs_quota_us"};
+  fs::path const peroid_path{"/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cpu.cfs_period_us"};
+  auto has_v1 = fs::exists(quota_path) && fs::exists(peroid_path);
+  if (has_v1) {
+    return GetCGroupV1Count(quota_path, peroid_path);
+  }
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
 std::int32_t OmpGetNumThreads(std::int32_t n_threads) {
   // Don't use parallel if we are in a parallel region.
   if (omp_in_parallel()) {
@@ -54,5 +104,4 @@ std::int32_t OmpGetNumThreads(std::int32_t n_threads) {
   n_threads = std::max(n_threads, 1);
   return n_threads;
 }
-}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace xgboost::common
-}  // namespace xgboost

src/common/threading_utils.h

@@ -253,11 +253,6 @@ inline std::int32_t OmpGetThreadLimit() {
  * \brief Get thread limit from CFS.
  *
  *   This function has non-trivial overhead and should not be called repeatly.
- *
- * Modified from
- * github.com/psiha/sweater/blob/master/include/boost/sweater/hardware_concurrency.hpp
- *
- * MIT License: Copyright (c) 2016 Domagoj Šarić
  */
 std::int32_t GetCfsCPUCount() noexcept;
 

src/data/proxy_dmatrix.cc

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> CreateDMatrixFromProxy(Context const *ctx,
   }
 
   CHECK(p_fmat) << "Failed to fallback.";
+  p_fmat->Info() = proxy->Info().Copy();
   return p_fmat;
 }
 }  // namespace xgboost::data

src/gbm/gblinear.cc

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/*!
+/**
- * Copyright 2014-2022 by XGBoost Contributors
+ * Copyright 2014-2023, XGBoost Contributors
  * \file gblinear.cc
  * \brief Implementation of Linear booster, with L1/L2 regularization: Elastic Net
  *        the update rule is parallel coordinate descent (shotgun)
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 #include "../common/timer.h"
 #include "../common/common.h"
 #include "../common/threading_utils.h"
+#include "../common/error_msg.h"
 
-namespace xgboost {
+namespace xgboost::gbm {
-namespace gbm {
 
 DMLC_REGISTRY_FILE_TAG(gblinear);
 
@@ -83,7 +83,16 @@ class GBLinear : public GradientBooster {
     }
     param_.UpdateAllowUnknown(cfg);
     param_.CheckGPUSupport();
+    if (param_.updater == "gpu_coord_descent") {
+      LOG(WARNING) << error::DeprecatedFunc("gpu_coord_descent", "2.0.0",
+                                            R"(device="cuda", updater="coord_descent")");
+    }
+
+    if (param_.updater == "coord_descent" && ctx_->IsCUDA()) {
+      updater_.reset(LinearUpdater::Create("gpu_coord_descent", ctx_));
+    } else {
       updater_.reset(LinearUpdater::Create(param_.updater, ctx_));
+    }
     updater_->Configure(cfg);
     monitor_.Init("GBLinear");
   }
@@ -354,5 +363,4 @@ XGBOOST_REGISTER_GBM(GBLinear, "gblinear")
     .set_body([](LearnerModelParam const* booster_config, Context const* ctx) {
       return new GBLinear(booster_config, ctx);
     });
-}  // namespace gbm
+}  // namespace xgboost::gbm
-}  // namespace xgboost

src/gbm/gbtree.cc

@@ -85,25 +85,6 @@ bool UpdatersMatched(std::vector<std::string> updater_seq,
                       return name == up->Name();
                     });
 }
-
-void MismatchedDevices(Context const* booster, Context const* data) {
-  bool thread_local static logged{false};
-  if (logged) {
-    return;
-  }
-  LOG(WARNING) << "Falling back to prediction using DMatrix due to mismatched devices. This might "
-                  "lead to higher memory usage and slower performance. XGBoost is running on: "
-               << booster->DeviceName() << ", while the input data is on: " << data->DeviceName()
-               << ".\n"
-               << R"(Potential solutions:
-- Use a data structure that matches the device ordinal in the booster.
-- Set the device for booster before call to inplace_predict.
-
-This warning will only be shown once for each thread. Subsequent warnings made by the
-current thread will be suppressed.
-)";
-  logged = true;
-}
 }  // namespace
 
 void GBTree::Configure(Args const& cfg) {
@@ -146,14 +127,6 @@ void GBTree::Configure(Args const& cfg) {
   if (specified_updater_) {
     error::WarnManualUpdater();
   }
-
-  if (model_.learner_model_param->IsVectorLeaf()) {
-    CHECK(tparam_.tree_method == TreeMethod::kHist || tparam_.tree_method == TreeMethod::kAuto)
-        << "Only the hist tree method is supported for building multi-target trees with vector "
-           "leaf.";
-    CHECK(ctx_->IsCPU()) << "GPU is not yet supported for vector leaf.";
-  }
-
   LOG(DEBUG) << "Using tree method: " << static_cast<int>(tparam_.tree_method);
 
   if (!specified_updater_) {
@@ -225,6 +198,13 @@ void GBTree::UpdateTreeLeaf(DMatrix const* p_fmat, HostDeviceVector<float> const
 
 void GBTree::DoBoost(DMatrix* p_fmat, HostDeviceVector<GradientPair>* in_gpair,
                      PredictionCacheEntry* predt, ObjFunction const* obj) {
+  if (model_.learner_model_param->IsVectorLeaf()) {
+    CHECK(tparam_.tree_method == TreeMethod::kHist || tparam_.tree_method == TreeMethod::kAuto)
+        << "Only the hist tree method is supported for building multi-target trees with vector "
+           "leaf.";
+    CHECK(ctx_->IsCPU()) << "GPU is not yet supported for vector leaf.";
+  }
+
   TreesOneIter new_trees;
   bst_target_t const n_groups = model_.learner_model_param->OutputLength();
   monitor_.Start("BoostNewTrees");
@@ -555,7 +535,7 @@ void GBTree::InplacePredict(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_m, float missing,
   auto [tree_begin, tree_end] = detail::LayerToTree(model_, layer_begin, layer_end);
   CHECK_LE(tree_end, model_.trees.size()) << "Invalid number of trees.";
   if (p_m->Ctx()->Device() != this->ctx_->Device()) {
-    MismatchedDevices(this->ctx_, p_m->Ctx());
+    error::MismatchedDevices(this->ctx_, p_m->Ctx());
     CHECK_EQ(out_preds->version, 0);
     auto proxy = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<data::DMatrixProxy>(p_m);
     CHECK(proxy) << error::InplacePredictProxy();
@@ -808,7 +788,7 @@ class Dart : public GBTree {
     auto n_groups = model_.learner_model_param->num_output_group;
 
     if (ctx_->Device() != p_fmat->Ctx()->Device()) {
-      MismatchedDevices(ctx_, p_fmat->Ctx());
+      error::MismatchedDevices(ctx_, p_fmat->Ctx());
       auto proxy = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<data::DMatrixProxy>(p_fmat);
       CHECK(proxy) << error::InplacePredictProxy();
       auto p_fmat = data::CreateDMatrixFromProxy(ctx_, proxy, missing);

src/learner.cc

@@ -1317,7 +1317,9 @@ class LearnerImpl : public LearnerIO {
     if (metrics_.empty() && tparam_.disable_default_eval_metric <= 0) {
       metrics_.emplace_back(Metric::Create(obj_->DefaultEvalMetric(), &ctx_));
       auto config = obj_->DefaultMetricConfig();
+      if (!IsA<Null>(config)) {
         metrics_.back()->LoadConfig(config);
+      }
       metrics_.back()->Configure({cfg_.begin(), cfg_.end()});
     }
 

src/linear/updater_coordinate.cc

@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 #include "coordinate_common.h"
 #include "xgboost/json.h"
 
-namespace xgboost {
+namespace xgboost::linear {
-namespace linear {
 
 DMLC_REGISTER_PARAMETER(CoordinateParam);
 DMLC_REGISTRY_FILE_TAG(updater_coordinate);
@@ -39,8 +38,9 @@ class CoordinateUpdater : public LinearUpdater {
     FromJson(config.at("linear_train_param"), &tparam_);
     FromJson(config.at("coordinate_param"), &cparam_);
   }
-  void SaveConfig(Json* p_out) const override {
+  void SaveConfig(Json *p_out) const override {
-    auto& out = *p_out;
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Save config for CPU updater.";
+    auto &out = *p_out;
     out["linear_train_param"] = ToJson(tparam_);
     out["coordinate_param"] = ToJson(cparam_);
   }
@@ -99,5 +99,4 @@ class CoordinateUpdater : public LinearUpdater {
 XGBOOST_REGISTER_LINEAR_UPDATER(CoordinateUpdater, "coord_descent")
     .describe("Update linear model according to coordinate descent algorithm.")
     .set_body([]() { return new CoordinateUpdater(); });
-}  // namespace linear
+}  // namespace xgboost::linear
-}  // namespace xgboost

src/linear/updater_gpu_coordinate.cu

@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
 #include "../common/timer.h"
 #include "./param.h"
 
-namespace xgboost {
+namespace xgboost::linear {
-namespace linear {
 
 DMLC_REGISTRY_FILE_TAG(updater_gpu_coordinate);
 
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ DMLC_REGISTRY_FILE_TAG(updater_gpu_coordinate);
 class GPUCoordinateUpdater : public LinearUpdater {  // NOLINT
  public:
   // set training parameter
-  void Configure(Args const& args) override {
+  void Configure(Args const &args) override {
     tparam_.UpdateAllowUnknown(args);
     coord_param_.UpdateAllowUnknown(args);
     selector_.reset(FeatureSelector::Create(tparam_.feature_selector));
@@ -41,8 +40,9 @@ class GPUCoordinateUpdater : public LinearUpdater {  // NOLINT
     FromJson(config.at("linear_train_param"), &tparam_);
     FromJson(config.at("coordinate_param"), &coord_param_);
   }
-  void SaveConfig(Json* p_out) const override {
+  void SaveConfig(Json *p_out) const override {
-    auto& out = *p_out;
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Save config for GPU updater.";
+    auto &out = *p_out;
     out["linear_train_param"] = ToJson(tparam_);
     out["coordinate_param"] = ToJson(coord_param_);
   }
@@ -101,10 +101,9 @@ class GPUCoordinateUpdater : public LinearUpdater {  // NOLINT
     monitor_.Stop("LazyInitDevice");
 
     monitor_.Start("UpdateGpair");
-    auto &in_gpair_host = in_gpair->ConstHostVector();
     // Update gpair
     if (ctx_->gpu_id >= 0) {
-      this->UpdateGpair(in_gpair_host);
+      this->UpdateGpair(in_gpair->ConstHostVector());
     }
     monitor_.Stop("UpdateGpair");
 
@@ -249,5 +248,4 @@ XGBOOST_REGISTER_LINEAR_UPDATER(GPUCoordinateUpdater, "gpu_coord_descent")
         "Update linear model according to coordinate descent algorithm. GPU "
         "accelerated.")
     .set_body([]() { return new GPUCoordinateUpdater(); });
-}  // namespace linear
+}  // namespace xgboost::linear
-}  // namespace xgboost

src/objective/regression_obj.cu

@@ -268,6 +268,13 @@ class PseudoHuberRegression : public FitIntercept {
     }
     FromJson(in["pseudo_huber_param"], &param_);
   }
+  [[nodiscard]] Json DefaultMetricConfig() const override {
+    CHECK(param_.GetInitialised());
+    Json config{Object{}};
+    config["name"] = String{this->DefaultEvalMetric()};
+    config["pseudo_huber_param"] = ToJson(param_);
+    return config;
+  }
 };
 
 XGBOOST_REGISTER_OBJECTIVE(PseudoHuberRegression, "reg:pseudohubererror")

src/tree/gpu_hist/evaluate_splits.cu

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/*!
+/**
- * Copyright 2020-2022 by XGBoost Contributors
+ * Copyright 2020-2023, XGBoost Contributors
  */
 #include <algorithm>  // std::max
 #include <vector>
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
 #include "evaluate_splits.cuh"
 #include "expand_entry.cuh"
 
-namespace xgboost {
+namespace xgboost::tree {
-namespace tree {
-
 // With constraints
 XGBOOST_DEVICE float LossChangeMissing(const GradientPairInt64 &scan,
                                        const GradientPairInt64 &missing,
@@ -315,11 +313,11 @@ __device__ void SetCategoricalSplit(const EvaluateSplitSharedInputs &shared_inpu
                                     common::Span<common::CatBitField::value_type> out,
                                     DeviceSplitCandidate *p_out_split) {
   auto &out_split = *p_out_split;
-  out_split.split_cats = common::CatBitField{out};
+  auto out_cats = common::CatBitField{out};
 
   // Simple case for one hot split
   if (common::UseOneHot(shared_inputs.FeatureBins(fidx), shared_inputs.param.max_cat_to_onehot)) {
-    out_split.split_cats.Set(common::AsCat(out_split.thresh));
+    out_cats.Set(common::AsCat(out_split.thresh));
     return;
   }
 
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ __device__ void SetCategoricalSplit(const EvaluateSplitSharedInputs &shared_inpu
   assert(partition > 0 && "Invalid partition.");
   thrust::for_each(thrust::seq, beg, beg + partition, [&](size_t c) {
     auto cat = shared_inputs.feature_values[c - node_offset];
-    out_split.SetCat(cat);
+    out_cats.Set(common::AsCat(cat));
   });
 }
 
@@ -427,8 +425,7 @@ void GPUHistEvaluator::EvaluateSplits(
 
     if (split.is_cat) {
       SetCategoricalSplit(shared_inputs, d_sorted_idx, fidx, i,
-                          device_cats_accessor.GetNodeCatStorage(input.nidx),
+                          device_cats_accessor.GetNodeCatStorage(input.nidx), &out_splits[i]);
-                          &out_splits[i]);
     }
 
     float base_weight =
@@ -460,6 +457,4 @@ GPUExpandEntry GPUHistEvaluator::EvaluateSingleSplit(
                                 cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
   return root_entry;
 }
-
+}  // namespace xgboost::tree
-}  // namespace tree
-}  // namespace xgboost

src/tree/gpu_hist/evaluate_splits.cuh

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ struct EvaluateSplitSharedInputs {
   common::Span<const float> feature_values;
   common::Span<const float> min_fvalue;
   bool is_dense;
-  XGBOOST_DEVICE auto Features() const { return feature_segments.size() - 1; }
+  [[nodiscard]] XGBOOST_DEVICE auto Features() const { return feature_segments.size() - 1; }
-  __device__ auto FeatureBins(bst_feature_t fidx) const {
+  [[nodiscard]] __device__ std::uint32_t FeatureBins(bst_feature_t fidx) const {
     return feature_segments[fidx + 1] - feature_segments[fidx];
   }
 };
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class GPUHistEvaluator {
   }
 
   /**
-   * \brief Get device category storage of nidx for internal calculation.
+   * @brief Get device category storage of nidx for internal calculation.
    */
   auto DeviceCatStorage(const std::vector<bst_node_t> &nidx) {
     if (!has_categoricals_) return CatAccessor{};
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ class GPUHistEvaluator {
   /**
    * \brief Get sorted index storage based on the left node of inputs.
    */
-  auto SortedIdx(int num_nodes, bst_feature_t total_bins) {
+  auto SortedIdx(int num_nodes, bst_bin_t total_bins) {
-    if(!need_sort_histogram_) return common::Span<bst_feature_t>();
+    if (!need_sort_histogram_) return common::Span<bst_feature_t>{};
     cat_sorted_idx_.resize(num_nodes * total_bins);
     return dh::ToSpan(cat_sorted_idx_);
   }
@@ -142,12 +142,22 @@ class GPUHistEvaluator {
    * \brief Get host category storage for nidx.  Different from the internal version, this
    *        returns strictly 1 node.
    */
-  common::Span<CatST const> GetHostNodeCats(bst_node_t nidx) const {
+  [[nodiscard]] common::Span<CatST const> GetHostNodeCats(bst_node_t nidx) const {
     copy_stream_.View().Sync();
     auto cats_out = common::Span<CatST const>{h_split_cats_}.subspan(
         nidx * node_categorical_storage_size_, node_categorical_storage_size_);
     return cats_out;
   }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] auto GetDeviceNodeCats(bst_node_t nidx) {
+    copy_stream_.View().Sync();
+    if (has_categoricals_) {
+      CatAccessor accessor = {dh::ToSpan(split_cats_), node_categorical_storage_size_};
+      return common::KCatBitField{accessor.GetNodeCatStorage(nidx)};
+    } else {
+      return common::KCatBitField{};
+    }
+  }
   /**
    * \brief Add a split to the internal tree evaluator.
    */

src/tree/updater_gpu_common.cuh

@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ struct DeviceSplitCandidate {
   // split.
   bst_cat_t thresh{-1};
 
-  common::CatBitField split_cats;
   bool is_cat { false };
 
   GradientPairInt64 left_sum;
@@ -72,12 +71,6 @@ struct DeviceSplitCandidate {
 
   XGBOOST_DEVICE DeviceSplitCandidate() {}  // NOLINT
 
-  template <typename T>
-  XGBOOST_DEVICE void SetCat(T c) {
-    this->split_cats.Set(common::AsCat(c));
-    fvalue = std::max(this->fvalue, static_cast<float>(c));
-  }
-
   XGBOOST_DEVICE void Update(float loss_chg_in, DefaultDirection dir_in, float fvalue_in,
                              int findex_in, GradientPairInt64 left_sum_in,
                              GradientPairInt64 right_sum_in, bool cat,
@@ -100,7 +93,8 @@ struct DeviceSplitCandidate {
    */
   XGBOOST_DEVICE void UpdateCat(float loss_chg_in, DefaultDirection dir_in, bst_cat_t thresh_in,
                                 bst_feature_t findex_in, GradientPairInt64 left_sum_in,
-                                GradientPairInt64 right_sum_in, GPUTrainingParam const& param, const GradientQuantiser& quantiser) {
+                                GradientPairInt64 right_sum_in, GPUTrainingParam const& param,
+                                const GradientQuantiser& quantiser) {
       if (loss_chg_in > loss_chg &&
           quantiser.ToFloatingPoint(left_sum_in).GetHess() >= param.min_child_weight &&
           quantiser.ToFloatingPoint(right_sum_in).GetHess() >= param.min_child_weight) {
@@ -115,7 +109,7 @@ struct DeviceSplitCandidate {
       }
   }
 
-  XGBOOST_DEVICE bool IsValid() const { return loss_chg > 0.0f; }
+  [[nodiscard]] XGBOOST_DEVICE bool IsValid() const { return loss_chg > 0.0f; }
 
   friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, DeviceSplitCandidate const& c) {
     os << "loss_chg:" << c.loss_chg << ", "

src/tree/updater_gpu_hist.cu

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
-#include <limits>
+#include <cstddef>  // for size_t
-#include <memory>
+#include <memory>   // for unique_ptr, make_unique
-#include <utility>
+#include <utility>  // for move
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "../collective/communicator-inl.cuh"
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
   void InitFeatureGroupsOnce() {
     if (!feature_groups) {
       CHECK(page);
-      feature_groups.reset(new FeatureGroups(page->Cuts(), page->is_dense,
+      feature_groups = std::make_unique<FeatureGroups>(page->Cuts(), page->is_dense,
                                                        dh::MaxSharedMemoryOptin(ctx_->gpu_id),
-                                             sizeof(GradientPairPrecise)));
+                                                       sizeof(GradientPairPrecise));
     }
   }
 
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
 
     this->evaluator_.Reset(page->Cuts(), feature_types, dmat->Info().num_col_, param, ctx_->gpu_id);
 
-    quantiser.reset(new GradientQuantiser(this->gpair));
+    quantiser = std::make_unique<GradientQuantiser>(this->gpair);
 
     row_partitioner.reset();  // Release the device memory first before reallocating
-    row_partitioner.reset(new RowPartitioner(ctx_->gpu_id, sample.sample_rows));
+    row_partitioner = std::make_unique<RowPartitioner>(ctx_->gpu_id, sample.sample_rows);
 
     // Init histogram
     hist.Init(ctx_->gpu_id, page->Cuts().TotalBins());
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
     dh::TemporaryArray<GPUExpandEntry> entries(2 * candidates.size());
     // Store the feature set ptrs so they dont go out of scope before the kernel is called
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<HostDeviceVector<bst_feature_t>>> feature_sets;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates.size(); i++) {
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < candidates.size(); i++) {
       auto candidate = candidates.at(i);
       int left_nidx = tree[candidate.nid].LeftChild();
       int right_nidx = tree[candidate.nid].RightChild();
@@ -327,9 +327,8 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
         d_node_inputs.data().get(), h_node_inputs.data(),
         h_node_inputs.size() * sizeof(EvaluateSplitInputs), cudaMemcpyDefault));
 
-    this->evaluator_.EvaluateSplits(nidx, max_active_features,
+    this->evaluator_.EvaluateSplits(nidx, max_active_features, dh::ToSpan(d_node_inputs),
-                                    dh::ToSpan(d_node_inputs), shared_inputs,
+                                    shared_inputs, dh::ToSpan(entries));
-                                    dh::ToSpan(entries));
     dh::safe_cuda(cudaMemcpyAsync(pinned_candidates_out.data(),
                                   entries.data().get(), sizeof(GPUExpandEntry) * entries.size(),
                                   cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
@@ -366,23 +365,29 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
   struct NodeSplitData {
     RegTree::Node split_node;
     FeatureType split_type;
-    common::CatBitField node_cats;
+    common::KCatBitField node_cats;
   };
 
-  void UpdatePosition(const std::vector<GPUExpandEntry>& candidates, RegTree* p_tree) {
+  void UpdatePosition(std::vector<GPUExpandEntry> const& candidates, RegTree* p_tree) {
-    if (candidates.empty()) return;
+    if (candidates.empty()) {
-    std::vector<int> nidx(candidates.size());
+      return;
-    std::vector<int> left_nidx(candidates.size());
+    }
-    std::vector<int> right_nidx(candidates.size());
+
+    std::vector<bst_node_t> nidx(candidates.size());
+    std::vector<bst_node_t> left_nidx(candidates.size());
+    std::vector<bst_node_t> right_nidx(candidates.size());
     std::vector<NodeSplitData> split_data(candidates.size());
+
     for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates.size(); i++) {
-      auto& e = candidates[i];
+      auto const& e = candidates[i];
       RegTree::Node split_node = (*p_tree)[e.nid];
       auto split_type = p_tree->NodeSplitType(e.nid);
       nidx.at(i) = e.nid;
       left_nidx.at(i) = split_node.LeftChild();
       right_nidx.at(i) = split_node.RightChild();
-      split_data.at(i) = NodeSplitData{split_node, split_type, e.split.split_cats};
+      split_data.at(i) = NodeSplitData{split_node, split_type, evaluator_.GetDeviceNodeCats(e.nid)};
+
+      CHECK_EQ(split_type == FeatureType::kCategorical, e.split.is_cat);
     }
 
     auto d_matrix = page->GetDeviceAccessor(ctx_->gpu_id);
@@ -390,7 +395,7 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
         nidx, left_nidx, right_nidx, split_data,
         [=] __device__(bst_uint ridx, const NodeSplitData& data) {
           // given a row index, returns the node id it belongs to
-          bst_float cut_value = d_matrix.GetFvalue(ridx, data.split_node.SplitIndex());
+          float cut_value = d_matrix.GetFvalue(ridx, data.split_node.SplitIndex());
           // Missing value
           bool go_left = true;
           if (isnan(cut_value)) {
@@ -620,7 +625,6 @@ struct GPUHistMakerDevice {
       CHECK(common::CheckNAN(candidate.split.fvalue));
       std::vector<common::CatBitField::value_type> split_cats;
 
-      CHECK_GT(candidate.split.split_cats.Bits().size(), 0);
       auto h_cats = this->evaluator_.GetHostNodeCats(candidate.nid);
       auto n_bins_feature = page->Cuts().FeatureBins(candidate.split.findex);
       split_cats.resize(common::CatBitField::ComputeStorageSize(n_bins_feature), 0);

tests/buildkite/build-jvm-packages.sh

@@ -8,13 +8,18 @@ echo "--- Build XGBoost JVM packages scala 2.12"
 tests/ci_build/ci_build.sh jvm docker tests/ci_build/build_jvm_packages.sh \
   ${SPARK_VERSION}
 
+echo "--- Stash XGBoost4J JARs (Scala 2.12)"
+buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j/target/*.jar"
+buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j-spark/target/*.jar"
+buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j-flink/target/*.jar"
+buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j-example/target/*.jar"
 
 echo "--- Build XGBoost JVM packages scala 2.13"
 
 tests/ci_build/ci_build.sh jvm docker tests/ci_build/build_jvm_packages.sh \
   ${SPARK_VERSION} "" "" "true"
 
-echo "--- Stash XGBoost4J JARs"
+echo "--- Stash XGBoost4J JARs (Scala 2.13)"
 buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j/target/*.jar"
 buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j-spark/target/*.jar"
 buildkite-agent artifact upload "jvm-packages/xgboost4j-flink/target/*.jar"

tests/buildkite/pipeline-mac-m1.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+steps:
+  - block: ":rocket: Run this test job"
+    if: build.pull_request.id != null || build.branch =~ /^dependabot\//
+  - label: ":macos: Build and Test XGBoost for MacOS M1 with Clang 11"
+    command: "tests/buildkite/test-macos-m1-clang11.sh"
+    key: mac-m1-appleclang11
+    agents:
+      queue: mac-mini-m1

tests/buildkite/test-macos-m1-clang11.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+source tests/buildkite/conftest.sh
+
+# Display system info
+echo "--- Display system information"
+set -x
+system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType
+sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string
+uname -m
+set +x
+
+# Build XGBoost4J binary
+echo "--- Build libxgboost4j.dylib"
+set -x
+mkdir build
+pushd build
+export JAVA_HOME=$(/usr/libexec/java_home)
+cmake .. -GNinja -DJVM_BINDINGS=ON -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=10.15
+ninja -v
+popd
+rm -rf build
+set +x
+
+echo "--- Upload Python wheel"
+set -x
+pushd lib
+mv -v libxgboost4j.dylib libxgboost4j_m1_${BUILDKITE_COMMIT}.dylib
+buildkite-agent artifact upload libxgboost4j_m1_${BUILDKITE_COMMIT}.dylib
+if [[ ($is_pull_request == 0) && ($is_release_branch == 1) ]]
+then
+  aws s3 cp libxgboost4j_m1_${BUILDKITE_COMMIT}.dylib \
+    s3://xgboost-nightly-builds/${BRANCH_NAME}/libxgboost4j/ \
+    --acl public-read --no-progress
+fi
+popd
+set +x
+
+# Ensure that XGBoost can be built with Clang 11
+echo "--- Build and Test XGBoost with MacOS M1, Clang 11"
+set -x
+LLVM11_PATH=$(brew --prefix llvm\@11)
+mkdir build
+pushd build
+cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${LLVM11_PATH}/bin/clang \
+  -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${LLVM11_PATH}/bin/clang++ -DGOOGLE_TEST=ON \
+  -DUSE_DMLC_GTEST=ON
+ninja -v

tests/ci_build/Dockerfile.gpu_build_centos7

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
-FROM nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
+FROM nvcr.io/nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
 ARG NCCL_VERSION_ARG
 ARG RAPIDS_VERSION_ARG

tests/ci_build/Dockerfile.gpu_build_r_centos7

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
-FROM nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
+FROM nvcr.io/nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
 
 # Install all basic requirements

tests/ci_build/Dockerfile.jvm_gpu_build

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
-FROM nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
+FROM nvcr.io/nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION_ARG-devel-centos7
 ARG CUDA_VERSION_ARG
 ARG NCCL_VERSION_ARG
 

tests/ci_build/build_jvm_packages.sh

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ fi
 mvn_profile_string=""
 if [ "x$use_scala213" != "x" ]; then
   export mvn_profile_string="-Pdefault,scala-2.13"
+  cd ..
+  python dev/change_scala_version.py --scala-version 2.13 --purge-artifacts
+  cd jvm-packages
 fi
 
 mvn --no-transfer-progress package $mvn_profile_string -Dspark.version=${spark_version} $gpu_options

tests/ci_build/conda_env/macos_cpu_test.yml

@@ -32,11 +32,10 @@ dependencies:
 - jsonschema
 - boto3
 - awscli
-- py-ubjson
 - cffi
 - pyarrow
 - pyspark>=3.4.0
 - cloudpickle
 - pip:
   - sphinx_rtd_theme
-  - datatable
+  - py-ubjson

tests/ci_build/deploy_jvm_packages.sh

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ rm -rf ../build/
 # Deploy to S3 bucket xgboost-maven-repo
 mvn --no-transfer-progress package deploy -P default,gpu,release-to-s3 -Dspark.version=${spark_version} -DskipTests
 # Deploy scala 2.13 to S3 bucket xgboost-maven-repo
+cd ..
+python dev/change_scala_version.py --scala-version 2.13 --purge-artifacts
+cd jvm-packages/
 mvn --no-transfer-progress package deploy -P release-to-s3,default,scala-2.13 -Dspark.version=${spark_version} -DskipTests
 
 

tests/ci_build/test_jvm_cross.sh

@@ -21,9 +21,18 @@ if [ ! -z "$RUN_INTEGRATION_TEST" ]; then
 fi
 
 # including maven profiles for different scala versions: 2.12 is the default at the moment.
-for _maven_profile_string in "" "-Pdefault,scala-2.13"; do
+for scala_binary_version in "2.12" "2.13"; do
+  cd ..
+  python dev/change_scala_version.py --scala-version ${scala_binary_version}
+  cd jvm-packages
   scala_version=$(mvn help:evaluate $_maven_profile_string -Dexpression=scala.version -q -DforceStdout)
-  scala_binary_version=$(mvn help:evaluate $_maven_profile_string -Dexpression=scala.binary.version -q -DforceStdout)
+  if [[ "$scala_binary_version" == "2.12" ]]; then
+    _maven_profile_string=""
+  elif [[ "$scala_binary_version" == "2.13" ]]; then
+    _maven_profile_string="-Pdefault,scala-2.13"
+  else
+    echo "Unexpected scala version: $scala_version ($scala_binary_version)."
+  fi
 
   # Install XGBoost4J JAR into local Maven repository
   mvn --no-transfer-progress install:install-file -Dfile=./xgboost4j/target/xgboost4j_${scala_binary_version}-${xgboost4j_version}.jar -DgroupId=ml.dmlc -DartifactId=xgboost4j_${scala_binary_version} -Dversion=${xgboost4j_version} -Dpackaging=jar

tests/cpp/common/test_io.cc

@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ TEST(IO, Resource) {
     fout << 1.0 << std::endl;
     fout.close();
 
-    auto resource = std::make_shared<MmapResource>(path, 0, sizeof(double));
+    auto resource = std::shared_ptr<MmapResource>{
+      new MmapResource{path, 0, sizeof(double)}};
     ASSERT_EQ(resource->Size(), sizeof(double));
     ASSERT_EQ(resource->Type(), ResourceHandler::kMmap);
     ASSERT_EQ(resource->DataAs<double>()[0], val);

tests/cpp/gbm/test_gblinear.cu

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright 2023, XGBoost Contributors
+ */
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <xgboost/global_config.h>  // for GlobalConfigThreadLocalStore
+#include <xgboost/json.h>           // for Json, Object
+#include <xgboost/learner.h>        // for Learner
+
+#include <algorithm>  // for transform
+#include <string>     // for string
+#include <utility>    // for swap
+
+#include "../helpers.h"  // for RandomDataGenerator
+
+namespace xgboost {
+TEST(GBlinear, DispatchUpdater) {
+  auto verbosity = 3;
+  std::swap(GlobalConfigThreadLocalStore::Get()->verbosity, verbosity);
+
+  auto test = [](std::string device) {
+    auto p_fmat = RandomDataGenerator{10, 10, 0.0f}.GenerateDMatrix(true);
+    std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({p_fmat})};
+    learner->SetParams(
+        Args{{"booster", "gblinear"}, {"updater", "coord_descent"}, {"device", device}});
+    learner->Configure();
+    for (std::int32_t iter = 0; iter < 3; ++iter) {
+      learner->UpdateOneIter(iter, p_fmat);
+    }
+    Json config{Object{}};
+    ::testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
+    learner->SaveConfig(&config);
+    auto str = ::testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
+    std::transform(device.cbegin(), device.cend(), device.begin(),
+                   [](char c) { return std::toupper(c); });
+    ASSERT_NE(str.find(device), std::string::npos);
+  };
+  test("cpu");
+  test("gpu");
+
+  std::swap(GlobalConfigThreadLocalStore::Get()->verbosity, verbosity);
+}
+}  // namespace xgboost

tests/cpp/gbm/test_gbtree.cu

@@ -58,21 +58,6 @@ void TestInplaceFallback(Context const* ctx) {
   HostDeviceVector<float>* out_predt{nullptr};
   ConsoleLogger::Configure(Args{{"verbosity", "1"}});
   std::string output;
-  // test whether the warning is raised
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-  // Windows has issue with CUDA and thread local storage. For some reason, on Windows a
-  // cudaInitializationError is raised during destruction of `HostDeviceVector`. This
-  // might be related to https://github.com/dmlc/xgboost/issues/5793
-  ::testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
-  std::thread{[&] {
-    // Launch a new thread to ensure a warning is raised as we prevent over-verbose
-    // warning by using thread-local flags.
-    learner->InplacePredict(p_m, PredictionType::kValue, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
-                            &out_predt, 0, 0);
-  }}.join();
-  output = testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
-  ASSERT_NE(output.find("Falling back"), std::string::npos);
-#endif
 
   learner->InplacePredict(p_m, PredictionType::kValue, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
                           &out_predt, 0, 0);

tests/cpp/objective/test_objective.cc

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <xgboost/objective.h>
 
 #include "../helpers.h"
+#include "../objective_helpers.h"
 
 TEST(Objective, UnknownFunction) {
   xgboost::ObjFunction* obj = nullptr;
@@ -43,4 +44,61 @@ TEST(Objective, PredTransform) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(predts.HostCanWrite());
   }
 }
+
+class TestDefaultObjConfig : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  Context ctx_;
+
+ public:
+  void Run(std::string objective) {
+    auto Xy = MakeFmatForObjTest(objective);
+    std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({Xy})};
+    std::unique_ptr<ObjFunction> objfn{ObjFunction::Create(objective, &ctx_)};
+
+    learner->SetParam("objective", objective);
+    if (objective.find("multi") != std::string::npos) {
+      learner->SetParam("num_class", "3");
+      objfn->Configure(Args{{"num_class", "3"}});
+    } else if (objective.find("quantile") != std::string::npos) {
+      learner->SetParam("quantile_alpha", "0.5");
+      objfn->Configure(Args{{"quantile_alpha", "0.5"}});
+    } else {
+      objfn->Configure(Args{});
+    }
+    learner->Configure();
+    learner->UpdateOneIter(0, Xy);
+    learner->EvalOneIter(0, {Xy}, {"train"});
+    Json config{Object{}};
+    learner->SaveConfig(&config);
+    auto jobj = get<Object const>(config["learner"]["objective"]);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(jobj.find("name") != jobj.cend());
+    // FIXME(jiamingy): We should have the following check, but some legacy parameter like
+    // "pos_weight", "delta_step" in objectives are not in metrics.
+
+    // if (jobj.size() > 1) {
+    //   ASSERT_FALSE(IsA<Null>(objfn->DefaultMetricConfig()));
+    // }
+    auto mconfig = objfn->DefaultMetricConfig();
+    if (!IsA<Null>(mconfig)) {
+      // make sure metric can handle it
+      std::unique_ptr<Metric> metricfn{Metric::Create(get<String const>(mconfig["name"]), &ctx_)};
+      metricfn->LoadConfig(mconfig);
+      Json loaded(Object{});
+      metricfn->SaveConfig(&loaded);
+      metricfn->Configure(Args{});
+      ASSERT_EQ(mconfig, loaded);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_P(TestDefaultObjConfig, Objective) {
+  std::string objective = GetParam();
+  this->Run(objective);
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Objective, TestDefaultObjConfig,
+                         ::testing::ValuesIn(MakeObjNamesForTest()),
+                         [](const ::testing::TestParamInfo<TestDefaultObjConfig::ParamType>& info) {
+                           return ObjTestNameGenerator(info);
+                         });
 } // namespace xgboost

tests/cpp/objective_helpers.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, XGBoost contributors
+ */
+#include "objective_helpers.h"
+
+#include "../../src/common/linalg_op.h"  // for begin, end
+#include "helpers.h"                     // for RandomDataGenerator
+
+namespace xgboost {
+std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> MakeFmatForObjTest(std::string const& obj) {
+  auto constexpr kRows = 10, kCols = 10;
+  auto p_fmat = RandomDataGenerator{kRows, kCols, 0}.GenerateDMatrix(true);
+  auto& h_upper = p_fmat->Info().labels_upper_bound_.HostVector();
+  auto& h_lower = p_fmat->Info().labels_lower_bound_.HostVector();
+  h_lower.resize(kRows);
+  h_upper.resize(kRows);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kRows; ++i) {
+    h_lower[i] = 1;
+    h_upper[i] = 10;
+  }
+  if (obj.find("rank:") != std::string::npos) {
+    auto h_label = p_fmat->Info().labels.HostView();
+    std::size_t k = 0;
+    for (auto& v : h_label) {
+      v = k % 2 == 0;
+      ++k;
+    }
+  }
+  return p_fmat;
+};
+}  // namespace xgboost

tests/cpp/objective_helpers.h

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 /**
  * Copyright (c) 2023, XGBoost contributors
  */
+#pragma once
+
 #include <dmlc/registry.h>  // for Registry
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <xgboost/objective.h>  // for ObjFunctionReg
@@ -29,4 +31,6 @@ inline std::string ObjTestNameGenerator(const ::testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType
   }
   return name;
 };
+
+std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> MakeFmatForObjTest(std::string const& obj);
 }  // namespace xgboost

tests/cpp/test_learner.cc

@@ -655,33 +655,11 @@ TEST_F(InitBaseScore, InitWithPredict) { this->TestInitWithPredt(); }
 TEST_F(InitBaseScore, UpdateProcess) { this->TestUpdateProcess(); }
 
 class TestColumnSplit : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
-  static auto MakeFmat(std::string const& obj) {
-    auto constexpr kRows = 10, kCols = 10;
-    auto p_fmat = RandomDataGenerator{kRows, kCols, 0}.GenerateDMatrix(true);
-    auto& h_upper = p_fmat->Info().labels_upper_bound_.HostVector();
-    auto& h_lower = p_fmat->Info().labels_lower_bound_.HostVector();
-    h_lower.resize(kRows);
-    h_upper.resize(kRows);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kRows; ++i) {
-      h_lower[i] = 1;
-      h_upper[i] = 10;
-    }
-    if (obj.find("rank:") != std::string::npos) {
-      auto h_label = p_fmat->Info().labels.HostView();
-      std::size_t k = 0;
-      for (auto& v : h_label) {
-        v = k % 2 == 0;
-        ++k;
-      }
-    }
-    return p_fmat;
-  };
-
   void TestBaseScore(std::string objective, float expected_base_score, Json expected_model) {
     auto const world_size = collective::GetWorldSize();
     auto const rank = collective::GetRank();
 
-    auto p_fmat = MakeFmat(objective);
+    auto p_fmat = MakeFmatForObjTest(objective);
     std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> sliced{p_fmat->SliceCol(world_size, rank)};
     std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({sliced})};
     learner->SetParam("tree_method", "approx");
@@ -705,7 +683,7 @@ class TestColumnSplit : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
 
  public:
   void Run(std::string objective) {
-    auto p_fmat = MakeFmat(objective);
+    auto p_fmat = MakeFmatForObjTest(objective);
     std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({p_fmat})};
     learner->SetParam("tree_method", "approx");
     learner->SetParam("objective", objective);

tests/python-gpu/test_gpu_prediction.py

@@ -191,14 +191,32 @@ class TestGPUPredict:
         np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0, predt_3)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0, predt_4)
 
-    def run_inplace_base_margin(self, booster, dtrain, X, base_margin):
+    def run_inplace_base_margin(
+        self, device: int, booster: xgb.Booster, dtrain: xgb.DMatrix, X, base_margin
+    ) -> None:
         import cupy as cp
 
+        booster.set_param({"device": f"cuda:{device}"})
         dtrain.set_info(base_margin=base_margin)
         from_inplace = booster.inplace_predict(data=X, base_margin=base_margin)
         from_dmatrix = booster.predict(dtrain)
         cp.testing.assert_allclose(from_inplace, from_dmatrix)
 
+        booster = booster.copy()  # clear prediction cache.
+        booster.set_param({"device": "cpu"})
+        from_inplace = booster.inplace_predict(data=X, base_margin=base_margin)
+        from_dmatrix = booster.predict(dtrain)
+        cp.testing.assert_allclose(from_inplace, from_dmatrix)
+
+        booster = booster.copy()  # clear prediction cache.
+        base_margin = cp.asnumpy(base_margin)
+        if hasattr(X, "values"):
+            X = cp.asnumpy(X.values)
+        booster.set_param({"device": f"cuda:{device}"})
+        from_inplace = booster.inplace_predict(data=X, base_margin=base_margin)
+        from_dmatrix = booster.predict(dtrain)
+        cp.testing.assert_allclose(from_inplace, from_dmatrix, rtol=1e-6)
+
     def run_inplace_predict_cupy(self, device: int) -> None:
         import cupy as cp
 
@@ -244,7 +262,7 @@ class TestGPUPredict:
             run_threaded_predict(X, rows, predict_dense)
 
         base_margin = cp_rng.randn(rows)
-        self.run_inplace_base_margin(booster, dtrain, X, base_margin)
+        self.run_inplace_base_margin(device, booster, dtrain, X, base_margin)
 
         # Create a wide dataset
         X = cp_rng.randn(100, 10000)
@@ -318,7 +336,7 @@ class TestGPUPredict:
             run_threaded_predict(X, rows, predict_df)
 
         base_margin = cudf.Series(rng.randn(rows))
-        self.run_inplace_base_margin(booster, dtrain, X, base_margin)
+        self.run_inplace_base_margin(0, booster, dtrain, X, base_margin)
 
     @given(
         strategies.integers(1, 10), tm.make_dataset_strategy(), shap_parameter_strategy

tests/python-gpu/test_gpu_with_sklearn.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import pytest
 
 import xgboost as xgb
 from xgboost import testing as tm
-from xgboost.testing.ranking import run_ranking_qid_df
+from xgboost.testing.ranking import run_ranking_categorical, run_ranking_qid_df
 
 sys.path.append("tests/python")
 import test_with_sklearn as twskl  # noqa
@@ -165,6 +165,11 @@ def test_ranking_qid_df():
     run_ranking_qid_df(cudf, "gpu_hist")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(**tm.no_pandas())
+def test_ranking_categorical() -> None:
+    run_ranking_categorical(device="cuda")
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(**tm.no_cupy())
 @pytest.mark.mgpu
 def test_device_ordinal() -> None:

tests/python/test_with_pandas.py

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class TestPandas:
         y = np.random.randn(kRows)
         w = np.random.uniform(size=kRows).astype(np.float32)
         w_pd = pd.DataFrame(w)
-        data = xgb.DMatrix(X, y, w_pd)
+        data = xgb.DMatrix(X, y, weight=w_pd)
 
         assert data.num_row() == kRows
         assert data.num_col() == kCols
@@ -301,14 +301,14 @@ class TestPandas:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("DMatrixT", [xgb.DMatrix, xgb.QuantileDMatrix])
     def test_nullable_type(self, DMatrixT) -> None:
-        from pandas.api.types import is_categorical_dtype
+        from xgboost.data import is_pd_cat_dtype
 
         for orig, df in pd_dtypes():
             if hasattr(df.dtypes, "__iter__"):
-                enable_categorical = any(is_categorical_dtype for dtype in df.dtypes)
+                enable_categorical = any(is_pd_cat_dtype(dtype) for dtype in df.dtypes)
             else:
                 # series
-                enable_categorical = is_categorical_dtype(df.dtype)
+                enable_categorical = is_pd_cat_dtype(df.dtype)
 
             f0_orig = orig[orig.columns[0]] if isinstance(orig, pd.DataFrame) else orig
             f0 = df[df.columns[0]] if isinstance(df, pd.DataFrame) else df

tests/python/test_with_sklearn.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import parametrize_with_checks
 
 import xgboost as xgb
 from xgboost import testing as tm
-from xgboost.testing.ranking import run_ranking_qid_df
+from xgboost.testing.ranking import run_ranking_categorical, run_ranking_qid_df
 from xgboost.testing.shared import get_feature_weights, validate_data_initialization
 from xgboost.testing.updater import get_basescore
 
@@ -173,6 +173,11 @@ def test_ranking():
     np.testing.assert_almost_equal(pred, pred_orig)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(**tm.no_pandas())
+def test_ranking_categorical() -> None:
+    run_ranking_categorical(device="cpu")
+
+
 def test_ranking_metric() -> None:
     from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
 
@@ -935,6 +940,7 @@ def save_load_model(model_path):
     predt_0 = clf.predict(X)
     clf.save_model(model_path)
     clf.load_model(model_path)
+    assert clf.booster == "gblinear"
     predt_1 = clf.predict(X)
     np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0, predt_1)
     assert clf.best_iteration == best_iteration
@@ -950,25 +956,26 @@ def save_load_model(model_path):
 
 def test_save_load_model():
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
-        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, 'digits.model')
+        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, "digits.model")
         save_load_model(model_path)
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
-        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, 'digits.model.json')
+        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, "digits.model.json")
         save_load_model(model_path)
 
     from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
     from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
-        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, 'digits.model.ubj')
+        model_path = os.path.join(tempdir, "digits.model.ubj")
         digits = load_digits(n_class=2)
-        y = digits['target']
+        y = digits["target"]
-        X = digits['data']
+        X = digits["data"]
-        booster = xgb.train({'tree_method': 'hist',
+        booster = xgb.train(
-                             'objective': 'binary:logistic'},
+            {"tree_method": "hist", "objective": "binary:logistic"},
             dtrain=xgb.DMatrix(X, y),
-                            num_boost_round=4)
+            num_boost_round=4,
+        )
         predt_0 = booster.predict(xgb.DMatrix(X))
         booster.save_model(model_path)
         cls = xgb.XGBClassifier()
@@ -1002,6 +1009,8 @@ def test_save_load_model():
         clf = xgb.XGBClassifier()
         clf.load_model(model_path)
         assert clf.classes_.size == 10
+        assert clf.objective == "multi:softprob"
+
         np.testing.assert_equal(clf.classes_, np.arange(10))
         assert clf.n_classes_ == 10
 

tests/test_distributed/test_gpu_with_spark/test_gpu_spark.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 import subprocess
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 import sklearn
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from pyspark.ml.linalg import Vectors
 from pyspark.ml.tuning import CrossValidator, ParamGridBuilder
 from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
 
-from xgboost.spark import SparkXGBClassifier, SparkXGBRegressor
+from xgboost.spark import SparkXGBClassifier, SparkXGBRegressor, SparkXGBRegressorModel
 
 gpu_discovery_script_path = "tests/test_distributed/test_gpu_with_spark/discover_gpu.sh"
 
@@ -242,3 +243,33 @@ def test_sparkxgb_regressor_feature_cols_with_gpu(spark_diabetes_dataset_feature
     evaluator = RegressionEvaluator(metricName="rmse")
     rmse = evaluator.evaluate(pred_result_df)
     assert rmse <= 65.0
+
+
+def test_gpu_transform(spark_diabetes_dataset) -> None:
+    regressor = SparkXGBRegressor(device="cuda", num_workers=num_workers)
+    train_df, test_df = spark_diabetes_dataset
+    model: SparkXGBRegressorModel = regressor.fit(train_df)
+
+    # The model trained with GPUs, and transform with GPU configurations.
+    assert model._gpu_transform()
+
+    model.set_device("cpu")
+    assert not model._gpu_transform()
+    # without error
+    cpu_rows = model.transform(test_df).select("prediction").collect()
+
+    regressor = SparkXGBRegressor(device="cpu", num_workers=num_workers)
+    model = regressor.fit(train_df)
+
+    # The model trained with CPUs. Even with GPU configurations,
+    # still prefer transforming with CPUs
+    assert not model._gpu_transform()
+
+    # Set gpu transform explicitly.
+    model.set_device("cuda")
+    assert model._gpu_transform()
+    # without error
+    gpu_rows = model.transform(test_df).select("prediction").collect()
+
+    for cpu, gpu in zip(cpu_rows, gpu_rows):
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(cpu.prediction, gpu.prediction, atol=1e-3)

tests/test_distributed/test_with_dask/test_with_dask.py

@@ -1932,6 +1932,7 @@ class TestWithDask:
         cls.client = client
         cls.fit(X, y)
         predt_0 = cls.predict(X)
+        proba_0 = cls.predict_proba(X)
 
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
             path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "model.pkl")
@@ -1941,7 +1942,9 @@ class TestWithDask:
             with open(path, "rb") as fd:
                 cls = pickle.load(fd)
             predt_1 = cls.predict(X)
+            proba_1 = cls.predict_proba(X)
             np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0.compute(), predt_1.compute())
+            np.testing.assert_allclose(proba_0.compute(), proba_1.compute())
 
             path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "cls.json")
             cls.save_model(path)
@@ -1950,16 +1953,20 @@ class TestWithDask:
             cls.load_model(path)
             assert cls.n_classes_ == 10
             predt_2 = cls.predict(X)
+            proba_2 = cls.predict_proba(X)
 
             np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0.compute(), predt_2.compute())
+            np.testing.assert_allclose(proba_0.compute(), proba_2.compute())
 
             # Use single node to load
             cls = xgb.XGBClassifier()
             cls.load_model(path)
             assert cls.n_classes_ == 10
             predt_3 = cls.predict(X_)
+            proba_3 = cls.predict_proba(X_)
 
             np.testing.assert_allclose(predt_0.compute(), predt_3)
+            np.testing.assert_allclose(proba_0.compute(), proba_3)
 
 
 def test_dask_unsupported_features(client: "Client") -> None:

tests/test_distributed/test_with_spark/test_spark_local.py

@@ -888,6 +888,34 @@ class TestPySparkLocal:
         clf = SparkXGBClassifier(device="cuda")
         clf._validate_params()
 
+    def test_gpu_transform(self, clf_data: ClfData) -> None:
+        """local mode"""
+        classifier = SparkXGBClassifier(device="cpu")
+        model: SparkXGBClassifierModel = classifier.fit(clf_data.cls_df_train)
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            path = "file:" + tmpdir
+            model.write().overwrite().save(path)
+
+            # The model trained with CPU, transform defaults to cpu
+            assert not model._gpu_transform()
+
+            # without error
+            model.transform(clf_data.cls_df_test).collect()
+
+            model.set_device("cuda")
+            assert model._gpu_transform()
+
+            model_loaded = SparkXGBClassifierModel.load(path)
+
+            # The model trained with CPU, transform defaults to cpu
+            assert not model_loaded._gpu_transform()
+            # without error
+            model_loaded.transform(clf_data.cls_df_test).collect()
+
+            model_loaded.set_device("cuda")
+            assert model_loaded._gpu_transform()
+
 
 class XgboostLocalTest(SparkTestCase):
     def setUp(self):