/*!
 *  Copyright (c) 2014 by Contributors
 * \file rabit.h
 * \brief This file defines rabit's Allreduce/Broadcast interface
 *   The rabit engine contains the actual implementation
 *   Code that only uses this header can also be compiled with MPI Allreduce (non fault-tolerant),
 *
 *   rabit.h and serializable.h is all what the user needs to use the rabit interface
 * \author Tianqi Chen, Ignacio Cano, Tianyi Zhou
 */
#ifndef RABIT_RABIT_H_
#define RABIT_RABIT_H_
#include <string>
#include <vector>
// optionally support of lambda functions in C++11, if available
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <functional>
#endif  // C++11
// contains definition of Serializable
#include "./rabit_serializable.h"
// engine definition of rabit, defines internal implementation
// to use rabit interface, there is no need to read engine.h
// rabit.h and serializable.h are enough to use the interface
#include "./rabit/engine.h"

/*! \brief rabit namespace */
namespace rabit {
/*!
 * \brief reduction operators namespace
 */
namespace op {
/*!
 * \class rabit::op::Max
 * \brief maximum reduction operator
 */
struct Max;
/*!
 * \class rabit::op::Min
 * \brief minimum reduction operator
 */
struct Min;
/*!
 * \class rabit::op::Sum
 * \brief sum reduction operator
 */
struct Sum;
/*!
 * \class rabit::op::BitOR
 * \brief bitwise OR reduction operator
 */
struct BitOR;
}  // namespace op
/*!
 * \brief initializes rabit, call this once at the beginning of your program
 * \param argc number of arguments in argv
 * \param argv the array of input arguments
 */
inline void Init(int argc, char *argv[]);
/*! 
 * \brief finalizes the rabit engine, call this function after you finished with all the jobs 
 */
inline void Finalize(void);
/*! \brief gets rank of the current process */
inline int GetRank(void);
/*! \brief gets total number of processes */
inline int GetWorldSize(void);
/*! \brief whether rabit env is in distributed mode */
inline bool IsDistributed(void);

/*! \brief gets processor's name */
inline std::string GetProcessorName(void);
/*!
 * \brief prints the msg to the tracker,
 *    this function can be used to communicate progress information to 
 *    the user who monitors the tracker
 * \param msg the message to be printed
 */
inline void TrackerPrint(const std::string &msg);
#ifndef RABIT_STRICT_CXX98_
/*!
 * \brief prints the msg to the tracker, this function may not be available
 *    in very strict c++98 compilers, though it usually is.
 *    this function can be used to communicate progress information to
 *    the user who monitors the tracker
 * \param fmt the format string
 */
inline void TrackerPrintf(const char *fmt, ...);
#endif
/*!
 * \brief broadcasts a memory region to every node from the root
 *
 *     Example: int a = 1; Broadcast(&a, sizeof(a), root); 
 * \param sendrecv_data the pointer to the send/receive buffer,
 * \param size the data size
 * \param root the process root
 */
inline void Broadcast(void *sendrecv_data, size_t size, int root);
/*!
 * \brief broadcasts an std::vector<DType> to every node from root
 * \param sendrecv_data the pointer to send/receive vector,
 *        for the receiver, the vector does not need to be pre-allocated
 * \param root the process root
 * \tparam DType the data type stored in the vector, has to be a simple data type
 *               that can be directly transmitted by sending the sizeof(DType)
 */
template<typename DType>
inline void Broadcast(std::vector<DType> *sendrecv_data, int root);
/*!
 * \brief broadcasts a std::string to every node from the root
 * \param sendrecv_data the pointer to the send/receive buffer,
 *        for the receiver, the vector does not need to be pre-allocated
 * \param root the process root
 */
inline void Broadcast(std::string *sendrecv_data, int root);
/*!
 * \brief performs in-place Allreduce on sendrecvbuf 
 *        this function is NOT thread-safe
 *
 * Example Usage: the following code does an Allreduce and outputs the sum as the result
 *     vector<int> data(10);
 *     ...
 *     Allreduce<op::Sum>(&data[0], data.size());
 *     ...
 * \param sendrecvbuf buffer for both sending and receiving data
 * \param count number of elements to be reduced
 * \param prepare_fun Lazy preprocessing function, if it is not NULL, prepare_fun(prepare_arg)
 *                    will be called by the function before performing Allreduce in order to initialize the data in sendrecvbuf.
 *                     If the result of Allreduce can be recovered directly, then prepare_func will NOT be called
 * \param prepare_arg argument used to pass into the lazy preprocessing function 
 * \tparam OP see namespace op, reduce operator 
 * \tparam DType data type
 */
template<typename OP, typename DType>
inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvbuf, size_t count,
                      void (*prepare_fun)(void *arg) = NULL,
                      void *prepare_arg = NULL);
// C++11 support for lambda prepare function
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
/*!
 * \brief performs in-place Allreduce, on sendrecvbuf
 *        with a prepare function specified by a lambda function
 *
 * Example Usage: the following code does an Allreduce and outputs the sum as the result
 *     vector<int> data(10);
 *     ...
 *     Allreduce<op::Sum>(&data[0], data.size(), [&]() {
 *                          for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
 *                            data[i] = i;
 *                          }
 *                        });
 *     ...
 * \param sendrecvbuf buffer for both sending and receiving data
 * \param count number of elements to be reduced
 * \param prepare_fun  Lazy lambda preprocessing function, prepare_fun() will be invoked
 *                     by the function before performing Allreduce in order to initialize the data in sendrecvbuf.
 *                     If the result of Allreduce can be recovered directly, then prepare_func will NOT be called
 * \tparam OP see namespace op, reduce operator 
 * \tparam DType data type
 */
template<typename OP, typename DType>
inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvbuf, size_t count,
                      std::function<void()> prepare_fun);
#endif  // C++11
/*!
 * \brief loads the latest check point
 * \param global_model pointer to the globally shared model/state
 *   when calling this function, the caller needs to guarantee that the global_model
 *   is the same in every node
 * \param local_model pointer to the local model that is specific to the current node/rank
 *   this can be NULL when no local model is needed
 * 
 * \return the version number of the check point loaded
 *     if returned version == 0, this means no model has been CheckPointed
 *     the p_model is not touched, users should do the necessary initialization by themselves
 *   
 *   Common usage example:
 *      int iter = rabit::LoadCheckPoint(&model);
 *      if (iter == 0) model.InitParameters();
 *      for (i = iter; i < max_iter; ++i) {
 *        do many things, include allreduce
 *        rabit::CheckPoint(model);
 *      } 
 *
 * \sa CheckPoint, VersionNumber
 */
inline int LoadCheckPoint(Serializable *global_model,
                          Serializable *local_model = NULL);
/*!
 * \brief checkpoints the model, meaning a stage of execution has finished.
 *  every time we call check point, a version number will be increased by one
 * 
 * \param global_model pointer to the globally shared model/state
 *   when calling this function, the caller needs to guarantee that the global_model
 *   is the same in every node
 * \param local_model pointer to the local model that is specific to the current node/rank
 *   this can be NULL when no local state is needed
   * NOTE: local_model requires explicit replication of the model for fault-tolerance, which will
   *       bring replication cost in the CheckPoint function. global_model does not need explicit replication.
   *       So, only CheckPoint with the global_model if possible
   * \sa LoadCheckPoint, VersionNumber
   */
inline void CheckPoint(const Serializable *global_model,
                       const Serializable *local_model = NULL);
/*!
 * \brief This function can be used to replace CheckPoint for global_model only,
 *   when certain condition is met (see detailed explanation).
 * 
 *   This is a "lazy" checkpoint such that only the pointer to the global_model is
 *   remembered and no memory copy is taken. To use this function, the user MUST ensure that:
 *   The global_model must remain unchanged until the last call of Allreduce/Broadcast in the current version finishes.
 *   In other words, the global_model model can be changed only between the last call of 
 *   Allreduce/Broadcast and LazyCheckPoint, both in the same version
 *   
 *   For example, suppose the calling sequence is:
 *   LazyCheckPoint, code1, Allreduce, code2, Broadcast, code3, LazyCheckPoint/(or can be CheckPoint)
 *   
 *   Then the user MUST only change the global_model in code3.
 *
 *   The use of LazyCheckPoint instead of CheckPoint will improve the efficiency of the program.
 * \param global_model pointer to the globally shared model/state
 *   when calling this function, the caller needs to guarantee that the global_model
 *   is the same in every node
 * \sa LoadCheckPoint, CheckPoint, VersionNumber
 */
inline void LazyCheckPoint(const Serializable *global_model);
/*!
 * \return version number of the current stored model,
 *         which means how many calls to CheckPoint we made so far
 * \sa LoadCheckPoint, CheckPoint
 */
inline int VersionNumber(void);
// ----- extensions that allow customized reducer ------
// helper class to do customized reduce, user do not need to know the type
namespace engine {
class ReduceHandle;
}  // namespace engine
/*!
 * \brief template class to make customized reduce and all reduce easy  
 *  Do not use reducer directly in the function you call Finalize, 
 *   because the destructor can execute after Finalize
 * \tparam DType data type that to be reduced
 * \tparam freduce the customized reduction function
 *  DType must be a struct, with no pointer
 */
template<typename DType, void (*freduce)(DType &dst, const DType &src)>
class Reducer {
 public:
  Reducer(void);
  /*!
   * \brief customized in-place all reduce operation 
   * \param sendrecvbuf the in place send-recv buffer
   * \param count number of elements to be reduced
   * \param prepare_fun Lazy preprocessing function, if it is not NULL, prepare_fun(prepare_arg)
   *                     will be called by the function before performing Allreduce, to initialize the data in sendrecvbuf.
   *                     If the result of Allreduce can be recovered directly, then prepare_func will NOT be called
   * \param prepare_arg argument used to pass into the lazy preprocessing function 
   */
  inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvbuf, size_t count,
                        void (*prepare_fun)(void *arg) = NULL,
                        void *prepare_arg = NULL);
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  /*!
   * \brief customized in-place all reduce operation, with lambda function as preprocessor
   * \param sendrecvbuf pointer to the array of objects to be reduced
   * \param count number of elements to be reduced
   * \param prepare_fun lambda function executed to prepare the data, if necessary
   */  
  inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvbuf, size_t count,
                        std::function<void()> prepare_fun);
#endif

 private:
  /*! \brief function handle to do reduce */
  engine::ReduceHandle handle_;
};
/*!
 * \brief template class to make customized reduce,
 *  this class defines complex reducer handles all the data structure that can be
 *  serialized/deserialized into fixed size buffer
 *  Do not use reducer directly in the function you call Finalize, because the destructor can execute after Finalize
 * 
 * \tparam DType data type that to be reduced, DType must contain the following functions:
 * \tparam freduce the customized reduction function
 *   (1) Save(IStream &fs)  (2) Load(IStream &fs) (3) Reduce(const DType &src, size_t max_nbyte)
 */
template<typename DType>
class SerializeReducer {
 public:
  SerializeReducer(void);
  /*!
   * \brief customized in-place all reduce operation 
   * \param sendrecvobj pointer to the array of objects to be reduced
   * \param max_nbyte maximum amount of memory needed to serialize each object
   *        this includes budget limit for intermediate and final result
   * \param count number of elements to be reduced
   * \param prepare_fun Lazy preprocessing function, if it is not NULL, prepare_fun(prepare_arg)
   *                     will be called by the function before performing Allreduce, to initialize the data in sendrecvbuf.
   *                     If the result of Allreduce can be recovered directly, then the prepare_func will NOT be called
   * \param prepare_arg argument used to pass into the lazy preprocessing function 
   */
  inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvobj,
                        size_t max_nbyte, size_t count,
                        void (*prepare_fun)(void *arg) = NULL,
                        void *prepare_arg = NULL);
// C++11 support for lambda prepare function
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  /*!
   * \brief customized in-place all reduce operation, with lambda function as preprocessor
   * \param sendrecvobj pointer to the array of objects to be reduced
   * \param max_nbyte maximum amount of memory needed to serialize each object
   *        this includes budget limit for intermediate and final result
   * \param count number of elements to be reduced
   * \param prepare_fun lambda function executed to prepare the data, if necessary
   */  
  inline void Allreduce(DType *sendrecvobj,
                        size_t max_nbyte, size_t count,
                        std::function<void()> prepare_fun);
#endif

 private:
  /*! \brief function handle to do reduce */
  engine::ReduceHandle handle_;
  /*! \brief temporal buffer used to do reduce*/
  std::string buffer_;
};
}  // namespace rabit
// implementation of template functions
#include "./rabit/rabit-inl.h"
#endif  // RABIT_RABIT_H_