/*!
 * Copyright 2017-2021 by Contributors
 * \file updater_quantile_hist.h
 * \brief use quantized feature values to construct a tree
 * \author Philip Cho, Tianqi Chen, Egor Smirnov
 */
#ifndef XGBOOST_TREE_UPDATER_QUANTILE_HIST_H_
#define XGBOOST_TREE_UPDATER_QUANTILE_HIST_H_

#include <dmlc/timer.h>
#include <rabit/rabit.h>
#include <xgboost/tree_updater.h>

#include <iomanip>
#include <memory>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "xgboost/data.h"
#include "xgboost/json.h"

#include "hist/evaluate_splits.h"
#include "constraints.h"
#include "./param.h"
#include "./driver.h"
#include "./split_evaluator.h"
#include "../common/random.h"
#include "../common/timer.h"
#include "../common/hist_util.h"
#include "../common/row_set.h"
#include "../common/partition_builder.h"
#include "../common/column_matrix.h"

namespace xgboost {


struct RandomReplace {
 public:
  // similar value as for minstd_rand
  static constexpr uint64_t kBase = 16807;
  static constexpr uint64_t kMod = static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << 63;

  using EngineT = std::linear_congruential_engine<uint64_t, kBase, 0, kMod>;

  /*
    Right-to-left binary method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation
  */
  static uint64_t SimpleSkip(uint64_t exponent, uint64_t initial_seed,
                             uint64_t base, uint64_t mod) {
    CHECK_LE(exponent, mod);
    uint64_t result = 1;
    while (exponent > 0) {
      if (exponent % 2 == 1) {
        result = (result * base) % mod;
      }
      base = (base * base) % mod;
      exponent = exponent >> 1;
    }
    // with result we can now find the new seed
    return (result * initial_seed) % mod;
  }

  template<typename Condition, typename ContainerData>
  static void MakeIf(Condition condition, const typename ContainerData::value_type replace_value,
                     const uint64_t initial_seed, const size_t ibegin,
                     const size_t iend, ContainerData* gpair) {
    ContainerData& gpair_ref = *gpair;
    const uint64_t displaced_seed = SimpleSkip(ibegin, initial_seed, kBase, kMod);
    EngineT eng(displaced_seed);
    for (size_t i = ibegin; i < iend; ++i) {
      if (condition(i, eng)) {
        gpair_ref[i] = replace_value;
      }
    }
  }
};

namespace tree {

using xgboost::GHistIndexMatrix;
using xgboost::common::GHistIndexRow;
using xgboost::common::HistCollection;
using xgboost::common::RowSetCollection;
using xgboost::common::GHistRow;
using xgboost::common::GHistBuilder;
using xgboost::common::ColumnMatrix;
using xgboost::common::Column;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class HistSynchronizer;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class BatchHistSynchronizer;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class DistributedHistSynchronizer;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class HistRowsAdder;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class BatchHistRowsAdder;

template <typename GradientSumT>
class DistributedHistRowsAdder;

// training parameters specific to this algorithm
struct CPUHistMakerTrainParam
    : public XGBoostParameter<CPUHistMakerTrainParam> {
  bool single_precision_histogram = false;
  // declare parameters
  DMLC_DECLARE_PARAMETER(CPUHistMakerTrainParam) {
    DMLC_DECLARE_FIELD(single_precision_histogram).set_default(false).describe(
        "Use single precision to build histograms.");
  }
};

/* tree growing policies */
struct CPUExpandEntry {
  static const int kRootNid  = 0;
  static const int kEmptyNid = -1;
  int nid;
  int depth;
  SplitEntry split;

  CPUExpandEntry() = default;
  CPUExpandEntry(int nid, int depth, bst_float loss_chg)
      : nid(nid), depth(depth) {
    split.loss_chg = loss_chg;
  }

  bool IsValid(TrainParam const &param, int32_t num_leaves) const {
    bool invalid = split.loss_chg <= kRtEps ||
                   (param.max_depth > 0 && this->depth == param.max_depth) ||
                   (param.max_leaves > 0 && num_leaves == param.max_leaves);
    return !invalid;
  }

  bst_float GetLossChange() const {
    return split.loss_chg;
  }

  int GetNodeId() const {
    return nid;
  }

  int GetDepth() const {
    return depth;
  }
};

/*! \brief construct a tree using quantized feature values */
class QuantileHistMaker: public TreeUpdater {
 public:
  QuantileHistMaker() {
    updater_monitor_.Init("QuantileHistMaker");
  }
  void Configure(const Args& args) override;

  void Update(HostDeviceVector<GradientPair>* gpair,
              DMatrix* dmat,
              const std::vector<RegTree*>& trees) override;

  bool UpdatePredictionCache(const DMatrix *data,
                             VectorView<float> out_preds) override;

  void LoadConfig(Json const& in) override {
    auto const& config = get<Object const>(in);
    FromJson(config.at("train_param"), &this->param_);
    try {
      FromJson(config.at("cpu_hist_train_param"), &this->hist_maker_param_);
    } catch (std::out_of_range&) {
      // XGBoost model is from 1.1.x, so 'cpu_hist_train_param' is missing.
      // We add this compatibility check because it's just recently that we (developers) began
      // persuade R users away from using saveRDS() for model serialization. Hopefully, one day,
      // everyone will be using xgb.save().
      LOG(WARNING)
        << "Attempted to load internal configuration for a model file that was generated "
        << "by a previous version of XGBoost. A likely cause for this warning is that the model "
        << "was saved with saveRDS() in R or pickle.dump() in Python. We strongly ADVISE AGAINST "
        << "using saveRDS() or pickle.dump() so that the model remains accessible in current and "
        << "upcoming XGBoost releases. Please use xgb.save() instead to preserve models for the "
        << "long term. For more details and explanation, see "
        << "https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/saving_model.html";
      this->hist_maker_param_.UpdateAllowUnknown(Args{});
    }
  }
  void SaveConfig(Json* p_out) const override {
    auto& out = *p_out;
    out["train_param"] = ToJson(param_);
    out["cpu_hist_train_param"] = ToJson(hist_maker_param_);
  }

  char const* Name() const override {
    return "grow_quantile_histmaker";
  }

 protected:
  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class HistSynchronizer;
  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class BatchHistSynchronizer;
  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class DistributedHistSynchronizer;

  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class HistRowsAdder;
  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class BatchHistRowsAdder;
  template <typename GradientSumT>
  friend class DistributedHistRowsAdder;

  CPUHistMakerTrainParam hist_maker_param_;
  // training parameter
  TrainParam param_;
  // column accessor
  ColumnMatrix column_matrix_;
  DMatrix const* p_last_dmat_ {nullptr};
  bool is_gmat_initialized_ {false};

  // actual builder that runs the algorithm
  template<typename GradientSumT>
  struct Builder {
   public:
    using GHistRowT = GHistRow<GradientSumT>;
    using GradientPairT = xgboost::detail::GradientPairInternal<GradientSumT>;
    // constructor
    explicit Builder(const size_t n_trees, const TrainParam &param,
                     std::unique_ptr<TreeUpdater> pruner, DMatrix const *fmat)
        : n_trees_(n_trees), param_(param), pruner_(std::move(pruner)),
          p_last_tree_(nullptr), p_last_fmat_(fmat) {
      builder_monitor_.Init("Quantile::Builder");
    }
    // update one tree, growing
    virtual void Update(const GHistIndexMatrix& gmat,
                        const ColumnMatrix& column_matrix,
                        HostDeviceVector<GradientPair>* gpair,
                        DMatrix* p_fmat,
                        RegTree* p_tree);

    inline void SubtractionTrick(GHistRowT self,
                                 GHistRowT sibling,
                                 GHistRowT parent) {
      builder_monitor_.Start("SubtractionTrick");
      hist_builder_.SubtractionTrick(self, sibling, parent);
      builder_monitor_.Stop("SubtractionTrick");
    }

    bool UpdatePredictionCache(const DMatrix* data,
                               VectorView<float> out_preds);

    void SetHistSynchronizer(HistSynchronizer<GradientSumT>* sync);
    void SetHistRowsAdder(HistRowsAdder<GradientSumT>* adder);

   protected:
    friend class HistSynchronizer<GradientSumT>;
    friend class BatchHistSynchronizer<GradientSumT>;
    friend class DistributedHistSynchronizer<GradientSumT>;
    friend class HistRowsAdder<GradientSumT>;
    friend class BatchHistRowsAdder<GradientSumT>;
    friend class DistributedHistRowsAdder<GradientSumT>;

    // initialize temp data structure
    void InitData(const GHistIndexMatrix& gmat,
                  const DMatrix& fmat,
                  const RegTree& tree,
                  std::vector<GradientPair>* gpair);

    size_t GetNumberOfTrees();

    void InitSampling(const DMatrix& fmat,
                      std::vector<GradientPair>* gpair,
                      std::vector<size_t>* row_indices);

    template <bool any_missing>
    void ApplySplit(std::vector<CPUExpandEntry> nodes,
                        const GHistIndexMatrix& gmat,
                        const ColumnMatrix& column_matrix,
                        const HistCollection<GradientSumT>& hist,
                        RegTree* p_tree);

    void AddSplitsToRowSet(const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& nodes, RegTree* p_tree);


    void FindSplitConditions(const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& nodes, const RegTree& tree,
                             const GHistIndexMatrix& gmat, std::vector<int32_t>* split_conditions);


    template <bool any_missing>
    void BuildLocalHistograms(const GHistIndexMatrix &gmat,
                              RegTree *p_tree,
                              const std::vector<GradientPair> &gpair_h);
    template <bool any_missing>
    void InitRoot(const GHistIndexMatrix &gmat,
                  const DMatrix& fmat,
                  RegTree *p_tree,
                  const std::vector<GradientPair> &gpair_h,
                  int *num_leaves, std::vector<CPUExpandEntry> *expand);

    // Split nodes to 2 sets depending on amount of rows in each node
    // Histograms for small nodes will be built explicitly
    // Histograms for big nodes will be built by 'Subtraction Trick'
    void SplitSiblings(const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& nodes,
                       std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>* nodes_to_evaluate,
                       RegTree *p_tree);

    void AddSplitsToTree(const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& expand,
                         RegTree *p_tree,
                         int *num_leaves,
                         std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>* nodes_for_apply_split);

    template <bool any_missing>
    void ExpandTree(const GHistIndexMatrix& gmat,
                    const ColumnMatrix& column_matrix,
                    DMatrix* p_fmat,
                    RegTree* p_tree,
                    const std::vector<GradientPair>& gpair_h);

    //  --data fields--
    const size_t n_trees_;
    const TrainParam& param_;
    // number of omp thread used during training
    int nthread_;
    std::shared_ptr<common::ColumnSampler> column_sampler_{
        std::make_shared<common::ColumnSampler>()};

    std::vector<size_t> unused_rows_;
    // the internal row sets
    RowSetCollection row_set_collection_;
    std::vector<GradientPair> gpair_local_;
    /*! \brief culmulative histogram of gradients. */
    HistCollection<GradientSumT> hist_;
    /*! \brief culmulative local parent histogram of gradients. */
    HistCollection<GradientSumT> hist_local_worker_;
    /*! \brief feature with least # of bins. to be used for dense specialization
               of InitNewNode() */
    uint32_t fid_least_bins_;

    GHistBuilder<GradientSumT> hist_builder_;
    std::unique_ptr<TreeUpdater> pruner_;
    std::unique_ptr<HistEvaluator<GradientSumT, CPUExpandEntry>> evaluator_;

    static constexpr size_t kPartitionBlockSize = 2048;
    common::PartitionBuilder<kPartitionBlockSize> partition_builder_;

    // back pointers to tree and data matrix
    const RegTree* p_last_tree_;
    DMatrix const* const p_last_fmat_;
    DMatrix* p_last_fmat_mutable_;

    // key is the node id which should be calculated by Subtraction Trick, value is the node which
    // provides the evidence for subtraction
    std::vector<CPUExpandEntry> nodes_for_subtraction_trick_;
    // list of nodes whose histograms would be built explicitly.
    std::vector<CPUExpandEntry> nodes_for_explicit_hist_build_;

    enum class DataLayout { kDenseDataZeroBased, kDenseDataOneBased, kSparseData };
    DataLayout data_layout_;

    common::Monitor builder_monitor_;
    common::ParallelGHistBuilder<GradientSumT> hist_buffer_;
    rabit::Reducer<GradientPairT, GradientPairT::Reduce> histred_;
    std::unique_ptr<HistSynchronizer<GradientSumT>> hist_synchronizer_;
    std::unique_ptr<HistRowsAdder<GradientSumT>> hist_rows_adder_;
  };
  common::Monitor updater_monitor_;

  template<typename GradientSumT>
  void SetBuilder(const size_t n_trees, std::unique_ptr<Builder<GradientSumT>>*, DMatrix *dmat);

  template<typename GradientSumT>
  void CallBuilderUpdate(const std::unique_ptr<Builder<GradientSumT>>& builder,
                         HostDeviceVector<GradientPair> *gpair,
                         DMatrix *dmat,
                         GHistIndexMatrix const& gmat,
                         const std::vector<RegTree *> &trees);

 protected:
  std::unique_ptr<Builder<float>> float_builder_;
  std::unique_ptr<Builder<double>> double_builder_;

  std::unique_ptr<TreeUpdater> pruner_;
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class HistSynchronizer {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;

  virtual void SyncHistograms(BuilderT* builder,
                              int starting_index,
                              int sync_count,
                              RegTree *p_tree) = 0;
  virtual ~HistSynchronizer() = default;
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class BatchHistSynchronizer: public HistSynchronizer<GradientSumT> {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;
  void SyncHistograms(BuilderT* builder,
                      int starting_index,
                      int sync_count,
                      RegTree *p_tree) override;
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class DistributedHistSynchronizer: public HistSynchronizer<GradientSumT> {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;

  void SyncHistograms(BuilderT* builder, int starting_index,
                      int sync_count, RegTree *p_tree) override;

  void ParallelSubtractionHist(BuilderT* builder,
                               const common::BlockedSpace2d& space,
                               const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& nodes,
                               const std::vector<CPUExpandEntry>& subtraction_nodes,
                               const RegTree * p_tree);
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class HistRowsAdder {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;

  virtual void AddHistRows(BuilderT* builder, int *starting_index,
                           int *sync_count, RegTree *p_tree) = 0;
  virtual ~HistRowsAdder() = default;
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class BatchHistRowsAdder: public HistRowsAdder<GradientSumT> {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;
  void AddHistRows(BuilderT*, int *starting_index,
                   int *sync_count, RegTree *p_tree) override;
};

template <typename GradientSumT>
class DistributedHistRowsAdder: public HistRowsAdder<GradientSumT> {
 public:
  using BuilderT = QuantileHistMaker::Builder<GradientSumT>;
  void AddHistRows(BuilderT*, int *starting_index,
                   int *sync_count, RegTree *p_tree) override;
};


}  // namespace tree
}  // namespace xgboost

#endif  // XGBOOST_TREE_UPDATER_QUANTILE_HIST_H_