[breaking] Remove the predictor param, allow fallback to prediction using DMatrix. (#9129)

- A `DeviceOrd` struct is implemented to indicate the device. It will eventually replace the `gpu_id` parameter.
- The `predictor` parameter is removed.
- Fallback to `DMatrix` when `inplace_predict` is not available.
- The heuristic for choosing a predictor is only used during training.
This commit is contained in:
Jiaming Yuan
2023-07-03 19:23:54 +08:00
committed by GitHub
parent 3a0f787703
commit 39390cc2ee
54 changed files with 1049 additions and 778 deletions

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@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ std::string GetModelStr() {
"num_class": "0",
"num_feature": "10",
"objective": "reg:linear",
"predictor": "gpu_predictor",
"tree_method": "gpu_hist",
"updater": "grow_gpu_hist"
},

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@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
/*!
* Copyright 2019-2022 XGBoost contributors
/**
* Copyright 2019-2023, XGBoost contributors
*/
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <xgboost/context.h>
#include <xgboost/host_device_vector.h> // for HostDeviceVector
#include <xgboost/learner.h> // for Learner
#include "../../../src/data/adapter.h"
#include "../../../src/data/proxy_dmatrix.h"
#include <limits> // for numeric_limits
#include <memory> // for shared_ptr
#include <string> // for string
#include "../../../src/data/proxy_dmatrix.h" // for DMatrixProxy
#include "../../../src/gbm/gbtree.h"
#include "../filesystem.h" // dmlc::TemporaryDirectory
#include "../helpers.h"
#include "xgboost/base.h"
#include "xgboost/host_device_vector.h"
#include "xgboost/learner.h"
#include "xgboost/predictor.h"
namespace xgboost {
@@ -113,12 +116,11 @@ TEST(GBTree, WrongUpdater) {
#ifdef XGBOOST_USE_CUDA
TEST(GBTree, ChoosePredictor) {
// The test ensures data don't get pulled into device.
size_t constexpr kRows = 17;
size_t constexpr kCols = 15;
std::size_t constexpr kRows = 17, kCols = 15;
auto p_dmat = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0).GenerateDMatrix();
auto& data = (*(p_dmat->GetBatches<SparsePage>().begin())).data;
auto const& data = (*(p_dmat->GetBatches<SparsePage>().begin())).data;
p_dmat->Info().labels.Reshape(kRows);
auto learner = std::unique_ptr<Learner>(Learner::Create({p_dmat}));
@@ -127,14 +129,13 @@ TEST(GBTree, ChoosePredictor) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(i, p_dmat);
}
ASSERT_TRUE(data.HostCanWrite());
dmlc::TemporaryDirectory tempdir;
const std::string fname = tempdir.path + "/model_param.bst";
{
std::unique_ptr<dmlc::Stream> fo(dmlc::Stream::Create(fname.c_str(), "w"));
learner->Save(fo.get());
}
// a new learner
learner = std::unique_ptr<Learner>(Learner::Create({p_dmat}));
{
@@ -146,6 +147,8 @@ TEST(GBTree, ChoosePredictor) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(i, p_dmat);
}
ASSERT_TRUE(data.HostCanWrite());
ASSERT_FALSE(data.DeviceCanWrite());
ASSERT_FALSE(data.DeviceCanRead());
// pull data into device.
data.HostVector();
@@ -232,14 +235,15 @@ TEST(Dart, JsonIO) {
namespace {
class Dart : public testing::TestWithParam<char const*> {
public:
void Run(std::string predictor) {
void Run(std::string device) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 16, kCols = 10;
HostDeviceVector<float> data;
auto rng = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0);
if (predictor == "gpu_predictor") {
rng.Device(0);
Context ctx;
if (device == "GPU") {
ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
}
auto rng = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0).Device(ctx.gpu_id);
auto array_str = rng.GenerateArrayInterface(&data);
auto p_mat = GetDMatrixFromData(data.HostVector(), kRows, kCols);
@@ -258,14 +262,14 @@ class Dart : public testing::TestWithParam<char const*> {
learner->UpdateOneIter(i, p_mat);
}
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&ctx, learner.get());
HostDeviceVector<float> predts_training;
learner->Predict(p_mat, false, &predts_training, 0, 0, true);
HostDeviceVector<float>* inplace_predts;
std::shared_ptr<data::DMatrixProxy> x{new data::DMatrixProxy{}};
if (predictor == "gpu_predictor") {
if (ctx.IsCUDA()) {
x->SetCUDAArray(array_str.c_str());
} else {
x->SetArrayData(array_str.c_str());
@@ -295,10 +299,9 @@ class Dart : public testing::TestWithParam<char const*> {
TEST_P(Dart, Prediction) { this->Run(GetParam()); }
#if defined(XGBOOST_USE_CUDA)
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PredictorTypes, Dart,
testing::Values("auto", "cpu_predictor", "gpu_predictor"));
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PredictorTypes, Dart, testing::Values("CPU", "GPU"));
#else
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PredictorTypes, Dart, testing::Values("auto", "cpu_predictor"));
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PredictorTypes, Dart, testing::Values("CPU"));
#endif // defined(XGBOOST_USE_CUDA)

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@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
/**
* Copyright 2023, XGBoost contributors
*/
#include <xgboost/context.h> // for Context
#include <xgboost/learner.h> // for Learner
#include <xgboost/string_view.h> // for StringView
#include <limits> // for numeric_limits
#include <memory> // for shared_ptr
#include <string> // for string
#include "../../../src/data/adapter.h" // for ArrayAdapter
#include "../../../src/data/device_adapter.cuh" // for CupyAdapter
#include "../../../src/data/proxy_dmatrix.h" // for DMatrixProxy
#include "../helpers.h" // for RandomDataGenerator
namespace xgboost {
void TestInplaceFallback(Context const* ctx) {
// prepare data
bst_row_t n_samples{1024};
bst_feature_t n_features{32};
HostDeviceVector<float> X_storage;
// use a different device than the learner
std::int32_t data_ordinal = ctx->IsCPU() ? 0 : -1;
auto X = RandomDataGenerator{n_samples, n_features, 0.0}
.Device(data_ordinal)
.GenerateArrayInterface(&X_storage);
HostDeviceVector<float> y_storage;
auto y = RandomDataGenerator{n_samples, 1u, 0.0}.GenerateArrayInterface(&y_storage);
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> Xy;
if (data_ordinal == Context::kCpuId) {
auto X_adapter = data::ArrayAdapter{StringView{X}};
Xy.reset(DMatrix::Create(&X_adapter, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(), ctx->Threads()));
} else {
auto X_adapter = data::CupyAdapter{StringView{X}};
Xy.reset(DMatrix::Create(&X_adapter, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(), ctx->Threads()));
}
Xy->SetInfo("label", y);
// learner is configured to the device specified by ctx
std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({Xy})};
ConfigLearnerByCtx(ctx, learner.get());
for (std::int32_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(i, Xy);
}
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_m{new data::DMatrixProxy};
auto proxy = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<data::DMatrixProxy>(p_m);
if (data_ordinal == Context::kCpuId) {
proxy->SetArrayData(StringView{X});
} else {
proxy->SetCUDAArray(X.c_str());
}
HostDeviceVector<float>* out_predt{nullptr};
ConsoleLogger::Configure(Args{{"verbosity", "1"}});
// test whether the warning is raised
::testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
learner->InplacePredict(p_m, PredictionType::kValue, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
&out_predt, 0, 0);
auto output = testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
std::cout << "output:" << output << std::endl;
ASSERT_NE(output.find("Falling back"), std::string::npos);
// test when the contexts match
Context new_ctx = *proxy->Ctx();
ASSERT_NE(new_ctx.gpu_id, ctx->gpu_id);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&new_ctx, learner.get());
HostDeviceVector<float>* out_predt_1{nullptr};
// no warning is raised
::testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
learner->InplacePredict(p_m, PredictionType::kValue, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
&out_predt_1, 0, 0);
output = testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
ASSERT_TRUE(output.empty());
ASSERT_EQ(out_predt->ConstHostVector(), out_predt_1->ConstHostVector());
}
TEST(GBTree, InplacePredictFallback) {
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestInplaceFallback(&ctx);
}
} // namespace xgboost

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@@ -395,6 +395,9 @@ std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> RandomDataGenerator::GenerateDMatrix(bool with_label, b
for (auto const& page : out->GetBatches<SparsePage>()) {
page.data.SetDevice(device_);
page.offset.SetDevice(device_);
// pull to device
page.data.ConstDeviceSpan();
page.offset.ConstDeviceSpan();
}
}
if (!ft_.empty()) {

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@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class SimpleRealUniformDistribution {
for (size_t k = m; k != 0; --k) {
sum_value += static_cast<ResultT>((*rng)() - rng->Min()) * r_k;
r_k *= r;
r_k *= static_cast<ResultT>(r);
}
ResultT res = sum_value / r_k;
@@ -322,15 +322,14 @@ inline std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> EmptyDMatrix() {
return RandomDataGenerator{0, 0, 0.0}.GenerateDMatrix();
}
inline std::vector<float>
GenerateRandomCategoricalSingleColumn(int n, size_t num_categories) {
inline std::vector<float> GenerateRandomCategoricalSingleColumn(int n, size_t num_categories) {
std::vector<float> x(n);
std::mt19937 rng(0);
std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> dist(0, num_categories - 1);
std::generate(x.begin(), x.end(), [&]() { return dist(rng); });
// Make sure each category is present
for(size_t i = 0; i < num_categories; i++) {
x[i] = i;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_categories; i++) {
x[i] = static_cast<decltype(x)::value_type>(i);
}
return x;
}
@@ -549,4 +548,15 @@ class DeclareUnifiedDistributedTest(MetricTest) : public ::testing::Test {
}
};
// A temporary solution before we move away from gpu_id.
inline void ConfigLearnerByCtx(Context const* ctx, Learner* learner) {
if (ctx->IsCPU()) {
learner->SetParam("tree_method", "hist");
} else {
learner->SetParam("tree_method", "gpu_hist");
}
learner->SetParam("gpu_id", std::to_string(ctx->gpu_id));
learner->Configure();
ASSERT_EQ(learner->Ctx()->gpu_id, ctx->gpu_id);
}
} // namespace xgboost

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@@ -122,11 +122,13 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, BasicColumnSplit) {
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, IterationRange) {
TestIterationRange("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestIterationRange(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, IterationRangeColmnSplit) {
TestIterationRangeColumnSplit("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, ExternalMemory) {
@@ -139,7 +141,8 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, ExternalMemory) {
TEST(CpuPredictor, InplacePredict) {
bst_row_t constexpr kRows{128};
bst_feature_t constexpr kCols{64};
auto gen = RandomDataGenerator{kRows, kCols, 0.5}.Device(-1);
Context ctx;
auto gen = RandomDataGenerator{kRows, kCols, 0.5}.Device(ctx.gpu_id);
{
HostDeviceVector<float> data;
gen.GenerateDense(&data);
@@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, InplacePredict) {
std::string arr_str;
Json::Dump(array_interface, &arr_str);
x->SetArrayData(arr_str.data());
TestInplacePrediction(x, "cpu_predictor", kRows, kCols, Context::kCpuId);
TestInplacePrediction(&ctx, x, kRows, kCols);
}
{
@@ -166,50 +169,50 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, InplacePredict) {
Json::Dump(col_interface, &col_str);
std::shared_ptr<data::DMatrixProxy> x{new data::DMatrixProxy};
x->SetCSRData(rptr_str.data(), col_str.data(), data_str.data(), kCols, true);
TestInplacePrediction(x, "cpu_predictor", kRows, kCols, Context::kCpuId);
TestInplacePrediction(&ctx, x, kRows, kCols);
}
}
namespace {
void TestUpdatePredictionCache(bool use_subsampling) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 64, kCols = 16, kClasses = 4;
std::size_t constexpr kRows = 64, kCols = 16, kClasses = 4;
LearnerModelParam mparam{MakeMP(kCols, .0, kClasses)};
Context ctx;
std::unique_ptr<gbm::GBTree> gbm;
gbm.reset(static_cast<gbm::GBTree*>(GradientBooster::Create("gbtree", &ctx, &mparam)));
std::map<std::string, std::string> cfg;
cfg["tree_method"] = "hist";
cfg["predictor"] = "cpu_predictor";
Args args{{"tree_method", "hist"}};
if (use_subsampling) {
cfg["subsample"] = "0.5";
args.emplace_back("subsample", "0.5");
}
Args args = {cfg.cbegin(), cfg.cend()};
gbm->Configure(args);
auto dmat = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0).GenerateDMatrix(true, true, kClasses);
HostDeviceVector<GradientPair> gpair;
auto& h_gpair = gpair.HostVector();
h_gpair.resize(kRows*kClasses);
for (size_t i = 0; i < kRows*kClasses; ++i) {
h_gpair.resize(kRows * kClasses);
for (size_t i = 0; i < kRows * kClasses; ++i) {
h_gpair[i] = {static_cast<float>(i), 1};
}
PredictionCacheEntry predtion_cache;
predtion_cache.predictions.Resize(kRows*kClasses, 0);
// after one training iteration predtion_cache is filled with cached in QuantileHistMaker::Builder prediction values
predtion_cache.predictions.Resize(kRows * kClasses, 0);
// after one training iteration predtion_cache is filled with cached in QuantileHistMaker
// prediction values
gbm->DoBoost(dmat.get(), &gpair, &predtion_cache, nullptr);
PredictionCacheEntry out_predictions;
// perform fair prediction on the same input data, should be equal to cached result
// perform prediction from scratch on the same input data, should be equal to cached result
gbm->PredictBatch(dmat.get(), &out_predictions, false, 0, 0);
std::vector<float> &out_predictions_h = out_predictions.predictions.HostVector();
std::vector<float> &predtion_cache_from_train = predtion_cache.predictions.HostVector();
std::vector<float>& out_predictions_h = out_predictions.predictions.HostVector();
std::vector<float>& predtion_cache_from_train = predtion_cache.predictions.HostVector();
for (size_t i = 0; i < out_predictions_h.size(); ++i) {
ASSERT_NEAR(out_predictions_h[i], predtion_cache_from_train[i], kRtEps);
}
}
} // namespace
TEST(CPUPredictor, GHistIndex) {
size_t constexpr kRows{128}, kCols{16}, kBins{64};
@@ -223,19 +226,23 @@ TEST(CPUPredictor, GHistIndex) {
}
TEST(CPUPredictor, CategoricalPrediction) {
TestCategoricalPrediction("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestCategoricalPrediction(&ctx, false);
}
TEST(CPUPredictor, CategoricalPredictionColumnSplit) {
TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit(&ctx);
}
TEST(CPUPredictor, CategoricalPredictLeaf) {
TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView{"cpu_predictor"});
Context ctx;
TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(&ctx, false);
}
TEST(CPUPredictor, CategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit) {
TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(StringView{"cpu_predictor"});
Context ctx;
TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, UpdatePredictionCache) {
@@ -244,21 +251,25 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, UpdatePredictionCache) {
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, LesserFeatures) {
TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, LesserFeaturesColumnSplit) {
TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit("cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, Sparse) {
TestSparsePrediction(0.2, "cpu_predictor");
TestSparsePrediction(0.8, "cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestSparsePrediction(&ctx, 0.2);
TestSparsePrediction(&ctx, 0.8);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, SparseColumnSplit) {
TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(0.2, "cpu_predictor");
TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(0.8, "cpu_predictor");
Context ctx;
TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(&ctx, 0.2);
TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(&ctx, 0.8);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, Multi) {
@@ -266,4 +277,6 @@ TEST(CpuPredictor, Multi) {
ctx.nthread = 1;
TestVectorLeafPrediction(&ctx);
}
TEST(CpuPredictor, Access) { TestPredictionDeviceAccess(); }
} // namespace xgboost

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@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
#include "../helpers.h"
#include "test_predictor.h"
namespace xgboost {
namespace predictor {
namespace xgboost::predictor {
TEST(GPUPredictor, Basic) {
auto cpu_lparam = MakeCUDACtx(-1);
@@ -120,13 +119,14 @@ TEST(GPUPredictor, MGPUBasicColumnSplit) {
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, EllpackBasic) {
size_t constexpr kCols {8};
size_t constexpr kCols{8};
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
for (size_t bins = 2; bins < 258; bins += 16) {
size_t rows = bins * 16;
auto p_m = RandomDataGenerator{rows, kCols, 0.0}.Bins(bins).Device(0).GenerateDeviceDMatrix();
ASSERT_FALSE(p_m->PageExists<SparsePage>());
TestPredictionFromGradientIndex<EllpackPage>("gpu_predictor", rows, kCols, p_m);
TestPredictionFromGradientIndex<EllpackPage>("gpu_predictor", bins, kCols, p_m);
TestPredictionFromGradientIndex<EllpackPage>(&ctx, rows, kCols, p_m);
TestPredictionFromGradientIndex<EllpackPage>(&ctx, bins, kCols, p_m);
}
}
@@ -181,29 +181,32 @@ TEST(GPUPredictor, ExternalMemoryTest) {
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, InplacePredictCupy) {
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
size_t constexpr kRows{128}, kCols{64};
RandomDataGenerator gen(kRows, kCols, 0.5);
gen.Device(0);
gen.Device(ctx.gpu_id);
HostDeviceVector<float> data;
std::string interface_str = gen.GenerateArrayInterface(&data);
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_fmat{new data::DMatrixProxy};
dynamic_cast<data::DMatrixProxy*>(p_fmat.get())->SetCUDAArray(interface_str.c_str());
TestInplacePrediction(p_fmat, "gpu_predictor", kRows, kCols, 0);
TestInplacePrediction(&ctx, p_fmat, kRows, kCols);
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, InplacePredictCuDF) {
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
size_t constexpr kRows{128}, kCols{64};
RandomDataGenerator gen(kRows, kCols, 0.5);
gen.Device(0);
gen.Device(ctx.gpu_id);
std::vector<HostDeviceVector<float>> storage(kCols);
auto interface_str = gen.GenerateColumnarArrayInterface(&storage);
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_fmat{new data::DMatrixProxy};
dynamic_cast<data::DMatrixProxy*>(p_fmat.get())->SetCUDAArray(interface_str.c_str());
TestInplacePrediction(p_fmat, "gpu_predictor", kRows, kCols, 0);
TestInplacePrediction(&ctx, p_fmat, kRows, kCols);
}
TEST(GpuPredictor, LesserFeatures) {
TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures("gpu_predictor");
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(&ctx);
}
// Very basic test of empty model
@@ -268,15 +271,18 @@ TEST(GPUPredictor, Shap) {
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, IterationRange) {
TestIterationRange("gpu_predictor");
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestIterationRange(&ctx);
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, CategoricalPrediction) {
TestCategoricalPrediction("gpu_predictor");
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestCategoricalPrediction(&ctx, false);
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, CategoricalPredictLeaf) {
TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView{"gpu_predictor"});
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(&ctx, false);
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, PredictLeafBasic) {
@@ -300,8 +306,8 @@ TEST(GPUPredictor, PredictLeafBasic) {
}
TEST(GPUPredictor, Sparse) {
TestSparsePrediction(0.2, "gpu_predictor");
TestSparsePrediction(0.8, "gpu_predictor");
auto ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
TestSparsePrediction(&ctx, 0.2);
TestSparsePrediction(&ctx, 0.8);
}
} // namespace predictor
} // namespace xgboost
} // namespace xgboost::predictor

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@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@
#include <xgboost/data.h> // for DMatrix, BatchIterator, BatchSet, MetaInfo
#include <xgboost/host_device_vector.h> // for HostDeviceVector
#include <xgboost/predictor.h> // for PredictionCacheEntry, Predictor, Predic...
#include <xgboost/string_view.h> // for StringView
#include <algorithm> // for max
#include <limits> // for numeric_limits
#include <memory> // for shared_ptr
#include <unordered_map> // for unordered_map
#include "../../../src/common/bitfield.h" // for LBitField32
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ void TestTrainingPrediction(size_t rows, size_t bins,
size_t constexpr kIters = 3;
std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner;
auto train = [&](std::string predictor) {
auto train = [&](Context const& ctx) {
p_hist->Info().labels.Reshape(rows, 1);
auto &h_label = p_hist->Info().labels.Data()->HostVector();
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ void TestTrainingPrediction(size_t rows, size_t bins,
learner->SetParam("num_feature", std::to_string(kCols));
learner->SetParam("num_class", std::to_string(kClasses));
learner->SetParam("max_bin", std::to_string(bins));
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&ctx, learner.get());
learner->Configure();
for (size_t i = 0; i < kIters; ++i) {
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ void TestTrainingPrediction(size_t rows, size_t bins,
learner.reset(Learner::Create({}));
learner->LoadModel(model);
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&ctx, learner.get());
learner->Configure();
HostDeviceVector<float> from_full;
@@ -93,16 +95,16 @@ void TestTrainingPrediction(size_t rows, size_t bins,
};
if (tree_method == "gpu_hist") {
train("gpu_predictor");
train(MakeCUDACtx(0));
} else {
train("cpu_predictor");
train(Context{});
}
}
void TestInplacePrediction(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, std::string predictor, bst_row_t rows,
bst_feature_t cols, int32_t device) {
size_t constexpr kClasses { 4 };
auto gen = RandomDataGenerator{rows, cols, 0.5}.Device(device);
void TestInplacePrediction(Context const *ctx, std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, bst_row_t rows,
bst_feature_t cols) {
std::size_t constexpr kClasses { 4 };
auto gen = RandomDataGenerator{rows, cols, 0.5}.Device(ctx->gpu_id);
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m = gen.GenerateDMatrix(true, false, kClasses);
std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner {
@@ -113,12 +115,14 @@ void TestInplacePrediction(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, std::string predictor, bs
learner->SetParam("num_class", std::to_string(kClasses));
learner->SetParam("seed", "0");
learner->SetParam("subsample", "0.5");
learner->SetParam("gpu_id", std::to_string(device));
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
learner->SetParam("tree_method", "hist");
for (int32_t it = 0; it < 4; ++it) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(it, m);
}
learner->SetParam("gpu_id", std::to_string(ctx->gpu_id));
learner->Configure();
HostDeviceVector<float> *p_out_predictions_0{nullptr};
learner->InplacePredict(x, PredictionType::kMargin, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
&p_out_predictions_0, 0, 2);
@@ -154,40 +158,79 @@ void TestInplacePrediction(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, std::string predictor, bs
}
namespace {
std::unique_ptr<Learner> LearnerForTest(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> dmat, size_t iters,
size_t forest = 1) {
std::unique_ptr<Learner> LearnerForTest(Context const *ctx, std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> dmat,
size_t iters, size_t forest = 1) {
std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner{Learner::Create({dmat})};
learner->SetParams(Args{{"num_parallel_tree", std::to_string(forest)}});
for (size_t i = 0; i < iters; ++i) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(i, dmat);
}
ConfigLearnerByCtx(ctx, learner.get());
return learner;
}
void VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(Learner *learner, std::string const &predictor_name,
size_t rows, std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> const &m_test,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> const &m_invalid) {
void VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(Learner *learner, bst_row_t kRows,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_test,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_invalid) {
HostDeviceVector<float> prediction;
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor_name);
learner->Configure();
Json config{Object()};
learner->SaveConfig(&config);
ASSERT_EQ(get<String>(config["learner"]["gradient_booster"]["gbtree_train_param"]["predictor"]),
predictor_name);
learner->Predict(m_test, false, &prediction, 0, 0);
ASSERT_EQ(prediction.Size(), rows);
ASSERT_EQ(prediction.Size(), kRows);
ASSERT_THROW({ learner->Predict(m_invalid, false, &prediction, 0, 0); }, dmlc::Error);
}
void VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(Learner *learner, size_t rows,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_test,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_invalid) {
auto const world_size = collective::GetWorldSize();
auto const rank = collective::GetRank();
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> sliced_test{m_test->SliceCol(world_size, rank)};
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> sliced_invalid{m_invalid->SliceCol(world_size, rank)};
VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(learner, rows, sliced_test, sliced_invalid);
}
} // anonymous namespace
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(Context const *ctx) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 256, kTrainCols = 256, kTestCols = 4, kIters = 4;
auto m_train = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, m_train, kIters);
auto m_test = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTestCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
auto m_invalid = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols + 1, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(learner.get(), kRows, m_test, m_invalid);
}
void TestPredictionDeviceAccess() {
Context ctx;
size_t constexpr kRows = 256, kTrainCols = 256, kTestCols = 4, kIters = 4;
auto m_train = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto m_test = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTestCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(&ctx, m_train, kIters);
HostDeviceVector<float> from_cpu;
{
ASSERT_EQ(from_cpu.DeviceIdx(), Context::kCpuId);
Context cpu_ctx;
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&cpu_ctx, learner.get());
learner->Predict(m_test, false, &from_cpu, 0, 0);
ASSERT_TRUE(from_cpu.HostCanWrite());
ASSERT_FALSE(from_cpu.DeviceCanRead());
}
#if defined(XGBOOST_USE_CUDA)
HostDeviceVector<float> from_cpu;
learner->SetParam("predictor", "cpu_predictor");
learner->Predict(m_test, false, &from_cpu, 0, 0);
HostDeviceVector<float> from_cuda;
learner->SetParam("predictor", "gpu_predictor");
learner->Predict(m_test, false, &from_cuda, 0, 0);
{
Context cuda_ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(&cuda_ctx, learner.get());
learner->Predict(m_test, false, &from_cuda, 0, 0);
ASSERT_EQ(from_cuda.DeviceIdx(), 0);
ASSERT_TRUE(from_cuda.DeviceCanWrite());
ASSERT_FALSE(from_cuda.HostCanRead());
}
auto const &h_cpu = from_cpu.ConstHostVector();
auto const &h_gpu = from_cuda.ConstHostVector();
@@ -196,41 +239,17 @@ void VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(Learner *learner, std::string const &pre
}
#endif // defined(XGBOOST_USE_CUDA)
}
} // anonymous namespace
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(std::string predictor_name) {
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(Context const *ctx) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 256, kTrainCols = 256, kTestCols = 4, kIters = 4;
auto m_train = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(m_train, kIters);
auto m_test = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTestCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
auto m_invalid = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols + 1, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(learner.get(), predictor_name, kRows, m_test, m_invalid);
}
namespace {
void VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(Learner *learner,
std::string const &predictor_name, size_t rows,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_test,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> m_invalid) {
auto const world_size = collective::GetWorldSize();
auto const rank = collective::GetRank();
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> sliced_test{m_test->SliceCol(world_size, rank)};
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> sliced_invalid{m_invalid->SliceCol(world_size, rank)};
VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeatures(learner, predictor_name, rows, sliced_test, sliced_invalid);
}
} // anonymous namespace
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(std::string predictor_name) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 256, kTrainCols = 256, kTestCols = 4, kIters = 4;
auto m_train = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(m_train, kIters);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, m_train, kIters);
auto m_test = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTestCols, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
auto m_invalid = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kTrainCols + 1, 0.5).GenerateDMatrix(false);
auto constexpr kWorldSize = 2;
RunWithInMemoryCommunicator(kWorldSize, VerifyPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit,
learner.get(), predictor_name, kRows, m_test, m_invalid);
learner.get(), kRows, m_test, m_invalid);
}
void GBTreeModelForTest(gbm::GBTreeModel *model, uint32_t split_ind,
@@ -252,7 +271,7 @@ void GBTreeModelForTest(gbm::GBTreeModel *model, uint32_t split_ind,
model->CommitModelGroup(std::move(trees), 0);
}
void TestCategoricalPrediction(std::string name, bool is_column_split) {
void TestCategoricalPrediction(Context const* ctx, bool is_column_split) {
size_t constexpr kCols = 10;
PredictionCacheEntry out_predictions;
@@ -262,13 +281,10 @@ void TestCategoricalPrediction(std::string name, bool is_column_split) {
float left_weight = 1.3f;
float right_weight = 1.7f;
Context ctx;
ctx.UpdateAllowUnknown(Args{});
gbm::GBTreeModel model(&mparam, &ctx);
gbm::GBTreeModel model(&mparam, ctx);
GBTreeModelForTest(&model, split_ind, split_cat, left_weight, right_weight);
ctx.UpdateAllowUnknown(Args{{"gpu_id", "0"}});
std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor{Predictor::Create(name.c_str(), &ctx)};
std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor{CreatePredictorForTest(ctx)};
std::vector<float> row(kCols);
row[split_ind] = split_cat;
@@ -298,12 +314,12 @@ void TestCategoricalPrediction(std::string name, bool is_column_split) {
ASSERT_EQ(out_predictions.predictions.HostVector()[0], left_weight + score);
}
void TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit(std::string name) {
void TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit(Context const *ctx) {
auto constexpr kWorldSize = 2;
RunWithInMemoryCommunicator(kWorldSize, TestCategoricalPrediction, name, true);
RunWithInMemoryCommunicator(kWorldSize, TestCategoricalPrediction, ctx, true);
}
void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView name, bool is_column_split) {
void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(Context const *ctx, bool is_column_split) {
size_t constexpr kCols = 10;
PredictionCacheEntry out_predictions;
@@ -314,14 +330,10 @@ void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView name, bool is_column_split) {
float left_weight = 1.3f;
float right_weight = 1.7f;
Context ctx;
ctx.UpdateAllowUnknown(Args{});
gbm::GBTreeModel model(&mparam, &ctx);
gbm::GBTreeModel model(&mparam, ctx);
GBTreeModelForTest(&model, split_ind, split_cat, left_weight, right_weight);
ctx.gpu_id = 0;
std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor{Predictor::Create(name.c_str(), &ctx)};
std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor{CreatePredictorForTest(ctx)};
std::vector<float> row(kCols);
row[split_ind] = split_cat;
@@ -346,19 +358,21 @@ void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView name, bool is_column_split) {
ASSERT_EQ(out_predictions.predictions.HostVector()[0], 1);
}
void TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(StringView name) {
void TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(Context const *ctx) {
auto constexpr kWorldSize = 2;
RunWithInMemoryCommunicator(kWorldSize, TestCategoricalPredictLeaf, name, true);
RunWithInMemoryCommunicator(kWorldSize, TestCategoricalPredictLeaf, ctx, true);
}
void TestIterationRange(std::string name) {
void TestIterationRange(Context const* ctx) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 1000, kCols = 20, kClasses = 4, kForest = 3, kIters = 10;
auto dmat = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0).GenerateDMatrix(true, true, kClasses);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(dmat, kIters, kForest);
learner->SetParams(Args{{"predictor", name}});
auto dmat = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0)
.Device(ctx->gpu_id)
.GenerateDMatrix(true, true, kClasses);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, dmat, kIters, kForest);
bool bound = false;
std::unique_ptr<Learner> sliced {learner->Slice(0, 3, 1, &bound)};
bst_layer_t lend{3};
std::unique_ptr<Learner> sliced{learner->Slice(0, lend, 1, &bound)};
ASSERT_FALSE(bound);
HostDeviceVector<float> out_predt_sliced;
@@ -366,11 +380,8 @@ void TestIterationRange(std::string name) {
// margin
{
sliced->Predict(dmat, true, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false, false,
false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, true, &out_predt_ranged, 0, 3, false, false, false,
false, false);
sliced->Predict(dmat, true, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false, false, false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, true, &out_predt_ranged, 0, lend, false, false, false, false, false);
auto const &h_sliced = out_predt_sliced.HostVector();
auto const &h_range = out_predt_ranged.HostVector();
@@ -380,11 +391,8 @@ void TestIterationRange(std::string name) {
// SHAP
{
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false,
true, false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, 3, false, false, true,
false, false);
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false, true, false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, lend, false, false, true, false, false);
auto const &h_sliced = out_predt_sliced.HostVector();
auto const &h_range = out_predt_ranged.HostVector();
@@ -394,10 +402,8 @@ void TestIterationRange(std::string name) {
// SHAP interaction
{
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false,
false, false, true);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, 3, false, false, false,
false, true);
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, false, false, false, true);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, lend, false, false, false, false, true);
auto const &h_sliced = out_predt_sliced.HostVector();
auto const &h_range = out_predt_ranged.HostVector();
ASSERT_EQ(h_sliced.size(), h_range.size());
@@ -406,10 +412,8 @@ void TestIterationRange(std::string name) {
// Leaf
{
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, true,
false, false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, 3, false, true, false,
false, false);
sliced->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_sliced, 0, 0, false, true, false, false, false);
learner->Predict(dmat, false, &out_predt_ranged, 0, lend, false, true, false, false, false);
auto const &h_sliced = out_predt_sliced.HostVector();
auto const &h_range = out_predt_ranged.HostVector();
ASSERT_EQ(h_sliced.size(), h_range.size());
@@ -456,11 +460,16 @@ void VerifyIterationRangeColumnSplit(DMatrix *dmat, Learner *learner, Learner *s
}
} // anonymous namespace
void TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(std::string name) {
void TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(Context const* ctx) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 1000, kCols = 20, kClasses = 4, kForest = 3, kIters = 10;
auto dmat = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, 0).GenerateDMatrix(true, true, kClasses);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(dmat, kIters, kForest);
learner->SetParams(Args{{"predictor", name}});
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, dmat, kIters, kForest);
if (ctx->IsCPU()) {
learner->SetParams(Args{{"gpu_id", std::to_string(-1)}});
} else {
learner->SetParams(Args{{"gpu_id", std::to_string(0)}});
}
bool bound = false;
std::unique_ptr<Learner> sliced{learner->Slice(0, 3, 1, &bound)};
@@ -488,10 +497,10 @@ void TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(std::string name) {
leaf_ranged, leaf_sliced);
}
void TestSparsePrediction(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
void TestSparsePrediction(Context const *ctx, float sparsity) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 512, kCols = 128, kIters = 4;
auto Xy = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, sparsity).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(Xy, kIters);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, Xy, kIters);
HostDeviceVector<float> sparse_predt;
@@ -501,11 +510,14 @@ void TestSparsePrediction(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
learner.reset(Learner::Create({Xy}));
learner->LoadModel(model);
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
if (ctx->IsCUDA()) {
learner->SetParam("tree_method", "gpu_hist");
learner->SetParam("gpu_id", std::to_string(ctx->gpu_id));
}
learner->Predict(Xy, false, &sparse_predt, 0, 0);
HostDeviceVector<float> with_nan(kRows * kCols, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN());
auto& h_with_nan = with_nan.HostVector();
auto &h_with_nan = with_nan.HostVector();
for (auto const &page : Xy->GetBatches<SparsePage>()) {
auto batch = page.GetView();
for (size_t i = 0; i < batch.Size(); ++i) {
@@ -516,7 +528,8 @@ void TestSparsePrediction(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
}
}
learner->SetParam("predictor", "cpu_predictor");
learner->SetParam("tree_method", "hist");
learner->SetParam("gpu_id", "-1");
// Xcode_12.4 doesn't compile with `std::make_shared`.
auto dense = std::shared_ptr<DMatrix>(new data::DMatrixProxy{});
auto array_interface = GetArrayInterface(&with_nan, kRows, kCols);
@@ -527,8 +540,8 @@ void TestSparsePrediction(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
learner->InplacePredict(dense, PredictionType::kValue, std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN(),
&p_dense_predt, 0, 0);
auto const& dense_predt = *p_dense_predt;
if (predictor == "cpu_predictor") {
auto const &dense_predt = *p_dense_predt;
if (ctx->IsCPU()) {
ASSERT_EQ(dense_predt.HostVector(), sparse_predt.HostVector());
} else {
auto const &h_dense = dense_predt.HostVector();
@@ -556,10 +569,10 @@ void VerifySparsePredictionColumnSplit(DMatrix *dmat, Learner *learner,
}
} // anonymous namespace
void TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
void TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(Context const* ctx, float sparsity) {
size_t constexpr kRows = 512, kCols = 128, kIters = 4;
auto Xy = RandomDataGenerator(kRows, kCols, sparsity).GenerateDMatrix(true);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(Xy, kIters);
auto learner = LearnerForTest(ctx, Xy, kIters);
HostDeviceVector<float> sparse_predt;
@@ -569,7 +582,7 @@ void TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(float sparsity, std::string predictor) {
learner.reset(Learner::Create({Xy}));
learner->LoadModel(model);
learner->SetParam("predictor", predictor);
ConfigLearnerByCtx(ctx, learner.get());
learner->Predict(Xy, false, &sparse_predt, 0, 0);
auto constexpr kWorldSize = 2;

View File

@@ -31,8 +31,17 @@ inline gbm::GBTreeModel CreateTestModel(LearnerModelParam const* param, Context
return model;
}
inline auto CreatePredictorForTest(Context const* ctx) {
if (ctx->IsCPU()) {
return Predictor::Create("cpu_predictor", ctx);
} else {
return Predictor::Create("gpu_predictor", ctx);
}
}
// fixme: cpu test
template <typename Page>
void TestPredictionFromGradientIndex(std::string name, size_t rows, size_t cols,
void TestPredictionFromGradientIndex(Context const* ctx, size_t rows, size_t cols,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_hist) {
constexpr size_t kClasses { 3 };
@@ -40,12 +49,10 @@ void TestPredictionFromGradientIndex(std::string name, size_t rows, size_t cols,
auto cuda_ctx = MakeCUDACtx(0);
std::unique_ptr<Predictor> predictor =
std::unique_ptr<Predictor>(Predictor::Create(name, &cuda_ctx));
std::unique_ptr<Predictor>(CreatePredictorForTest(&cuda_ctx));
predictor->Configure({});
Context ctx;
ctx.UpdateAllowUnknown(Args{});
gbm::GBTreeModel model = CreateTestModel(&mparam, &ctx, kClasses);
gbm::GBTreeModel model = CreateTestModel(&mparam, ctx, kClasses);
{
auto p_precise = RandomDataGenerator(rows, cols, 0).GenerateDMatrix();
@@ -81,28 +88,30 @@ void TestTrainingPrediction(size_t rows, size_t bins, std::string tree_method,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_full,
std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> p_hist);
void TestInplacePrediction(std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, std::string predictor, bst_row_t rows,
bst_feature_t cols, int32_t device = -1);
void TestInplacePrediction(Context const* ctx, std::shared_ptr<DMatrix> x, bst_row_t rows,
bst_feature_t cols);
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(std::string preditor_name);
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeatures(Context const* ctx);
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(std::string preditor_name);
void TestPredictionDeviceAccess();
void TestCategoricalPrediction(std::string name, bool is_column_split = false);
void TestCategoricalPrediction(Context const* ctx, bool is_column_split);
void TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit(std::string name);
void TestCategoricalPredictionColumnSplit(Context const* ctx);
void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(StringView name, bool is_column_split = false);
void TestPredictionWithLesserFeaturesColumnSplit(Context const* ctx);
void TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(StringView name);
void TestCategoricalPredictLeaf(Context const* ctx, bool is_column_split);
void TestIterationRange(std::string name);
void TestCategoricalPredictLeafColumnSplit(Context const* ctx);
void TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(std::string name);
void TestIterationRange(Context const* ctx);
void TestSparsePrediction(float sparsity, std::string predictor);
void TestIterationRangeColumnSplit(Context const* ctx);
void TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(float sparsity, std::string predictor);
void TestSparsePrediction(Context const* ctx, float sparsity);
void TestSparsePredictionColumnSplit(Context const* ctx, float sparsity);
void TestVectorLeafPrediction(Context const* ctx);
} // namespace xgboost

View File

@@ -342,16 +342,6 @@ TEST(Learner, GPUConfiguration) {
learner->UpdateOneIter(0, p_dmat);
ASSERT_EQ(learner->Ctx()->gpu_id, 0);
}
{
// With CPU algorithm but GPU Predictor, this is to simulate when
// XGBoost is only used for prediction, so tree method is not
// specified.
std::unique_ptr<Learner> learner {Learner::Create(mat)};
learner->SetParams({Arg{"tree_method", "hist"},
Arg{"predictor", "gpu_predictor"}});
learner->UpdateOneIter(0, p_dmat);
ASSERT_EQ(learner->Ctx()->gpu_id, 0);
}
}
#endif // defined(XGBOOST_USE_CUDA)

View File

@@ -698,10 +698,6 @@ TEST_F(MultiClassesSerializationTest, GpuHist) {
{"seed", "0"},
{"nthread", "1"},
{"max_depth", std::to_string(kClasses)},
// Somehow rebuilding the cache can generate slightly
// different result (1e-7) with CPU predictor for some
// entries.
{"predictor", "gpu_predictor"},
// Mitigate the difference caused by hardware fused multiply
// add to tree weight during update prediction cache.
{"learning_rate", "1.0"},